prostate cancer Flashcards
what is the most common pathology found in prostate cancers ?
adenocarcinomas
which zones do most prostate cancers originate from ?
peripheral zone
what is the Gleason grading system used for ?
an indicator of how abnormal the prostate cells are and how likely they are the metastasize
how is the TNM staging system for prostatic cancer divided ?
T1 non-palpable tumor
T2 palpable tumor confined to the prostate
T3 palpable tumor beyond prostate
T4 tumor invades adjacent structures
what are the types of spread with prostatic cancers?
- local spread- to seminal vesicles and bladder
- lymphatic metastasis - internal and external lymph nodes
- distant metastasis - occurs mostly in the axial skeleton
how can we detect prostatic cancer early ?
through screening which is achieved by testing for PSA and performing a digital rectal exam
for ages between 55-69
every two years
what are the clinical findings associated with prostatic carcinoma ?
asymptomatic
lower urinary tract symptoms
symptoms of metastasis
where is PSA secreted from ?
secreted from the prostatic ductal epithelial cells to liquefy the seminal coagulum
what are the types of PSA ?
free PSA (fPSA) PSA-ACT
what type of imaging can be used to detect prostatic carcinoma ?
trans-rectal ultrasound
mpMRI (multi-parametric)
what factors significantly affect PSA ?
BPH urethral instrumentation infection prostatic infarction vigorous prostate massage
what are the options for the treatment of localized disease ?
active surveillance
radical prostatectomy
radiation therapy ( brachytherapy)
how can we treat locally advanced disease ?
radiation therapy along with hormonal therapy
what is the hormonal therapy indicated for prostatic cancer ?
androgen suppression therapy
how can metastatic disease be treated ?
orchiectomy
hormonal therapy ( anti-androgen therapy)
combined androgen blockade
