Pronouns (Malay-English) Flashcards
1
Q
Lesson 1
ini
A
this/these
2
Q
Lesson 2
itu
A
that/those
3
Q
Lesson 4
- saya
-polite form
-used when talking to your friends, parents, teachers and those who are superior to you
-a suitable term to use when interacting with those lower in status - aku (abbreviation: ku) (variant: daku)
-used by a superior to an inferior, either in age or in social status, such as a father to his child, an employer to an employee, etc.
-used by younger people who are intimate to each other
-used when you want to create a barrier with the opposite sex
-used in prayer
-crude word among members of refined society - hamba
-literally means “slave”
-a polite word used widely by people in Kelantan and Upper Perak
-also found in old literature books - hamba tuan
-literally means “your master’s slave”
-found in old literature books
-become obsolete - hamba datuk
-literally means “the datuk’s slave”
-becoming obsolete
-used perhaps when one is addressing a Datuk Penghulu in letter-writing - teman, kawan
-literally means “mate”, “friend”
-polite form
-used by grown-up people in Perak and Johor respectively - beta
-used when a ruler speaks to his brother ruler or to his subject - patik
-used when a commoner is addressing a member of the royal family - the use of adopting suitable forms of address
-“mak” when a mother is talking to her own children
-“ayah” when a father is talking to his own children
-“kak”, “abang/bang”, “makcik”, “pakcik”, “tok”, “nenek” - using the pet name, or the first, the last syllable, or the last two syllables of the personal name
- anakanda
-used for letter-writing (to father, uncles or persons whose age is about the same as your father’s age) - ayahanda (for fathers), bonda (for mothers)
-used for letter-writing (to sons, daughters, nephew or nieces) - adinda (abbreviation: dinda)
-used for letter writing [to elder brother, elder sister, male cousin, lover (male) or husband] - kakanda (abbreviation: kanda)
-used for letter writing [to younger brother, younger sister, female cousin, lover (female) or wife] - cucunda
-used for letter writing (to grandfather or grandmother) - nenda
-used for letter writing (to grandchild) - kita
-used when you don’t want to be too polite
-in between “saya” and “aku”
A
I/me
4
Q
Lesson 4
- awak
-used among equals and people lower in status/age
-opposite of “saya” - engkau (abbreviation: kau) (variant: dikau)
-used by a superior to an inferior, either in age or in social status, such as a father to his child, an employer to an employee, etc.
-used by younger people who are intimate to each other
-used in prayer
-crude word among members of refined society
-opposite of “aku” - tuan
-a polite word used widely by people in Kelantan and Upper Perak
-also found in old literature books
-opposite of “hamba” & “hamba tuan”
-used in letter writing (to friends or female acquantances) - datuk
-opposite of “hamba datuk” - mika, awak
-opposite of “teman” & “kawan” respectively
-polite form
-used by grown-up people in Perak and Johor respectively - sahabat beta
-used when a ruler speaks to his brother ruler or to his subject
-opposite of “beta” - tuanku, tengku, engku
-used when a commoner is addressing a member of the royal family
-opposite of “patik” - the use of adopting suitable forms of address
-“mak” when a mother is talking to her own children
-“ayah” when a father is talking to his own children
-“kak”, “abang/bang”, “makcik”, “pakcik”, “tok”, “nenek” - saudara, saudari
-literally means “brother” , “sister”
-a polite form
-used to address people who are about the same age of the speaker
-opposite of “saya” - anda
-used for both sexes
-opposite of “saya”
-prevalent in writing - kamu (a lot of times for plural: korang…kau + orang)
-for informal polite usage (in between “awak” & “anda”)
-used in the singular and plural form
-generally used by the elders and people of high social status
-also used by younger people who are close to each other - ayahanda
-used in letter writing (for official or business letters; to father, uncles or persons whose age is about the same as your father’s age) - anakanda
-used in letter writing (to sons, daughters, nephews or nieces - kakanda (abbreviation: kanda)
-used in letter writing [to elder brother, elder sister, male cousin, lover (male) or husband] - adinda (abbreviation: dinda)
-used for letter writing [to younger brother, younger sister, female cousin, lover (female) or wife] - nenda
-used for letter writing (to grandfather or grandmother) - cucunda
-used for letter writing (to grandchild)
A
you
5
Q
Lesson 4
dia
A
he/him, she/her
6
Q
Lesson 4
ia
A
it (subject only)
7
Q
Lesson 4
kita
A
we/us (includes the person you are speaking to)
8
Q
Lesson 4
kami
A
we/us (does not include the person you are speaking to)
9
Q
Lesson 4
- mereka (formal)
- diorang (informal) dia + orang
A
they/them
10
Q
Lesson 4
-nya
A
his/her/its (used only as an object)
11
Q
Lesson 15
yang mana
A
which
12
Q
Lesson 15
siapa
A
who
13
Q
Lesson 15
siapa punya
A
whose
14
Q
Lesson 15
mana/di mana
A
where
15
Q
Lesson 15
yang
A
who/which/what
