Pronouns (English-Malay)

Question 1

Lesson 1

this/these

Answer 1

ini

Question 2

Lesson 1

that/those

Answer 2

itu

Question 3

Lesson 4

I/me

Answer 3

1. saya
   -polite form
   -used when talking to your friends, parents, teachers and those who are superior to you
   -a suitable term to use when interacting with those lower in status
2. aku (abbreviation: ku) (variant: daku)
   -used by a superior to an inferior, either in age or in social status, such as a father to his child, an employer to an employee, etc.
   -used by younger people who are intimate to each other
   -used when you want to create a barrier with the opposite sex
   -used in prayer
   -crude word among members of refined society
3. hamba
   -literally means “slave”
   -a polite word used widely by people in Kelantan and Upper Perak
   -also found in old literature books
4. hamba tuan
   -literally means “your master’s slave”
   -found in old literature books
   -become obsolete
5. hamba datuk
   -literally means “the datuk’s slave”
   -becoming obsolete
   -used perhaps when one is addressing a Datuk Penghulu in letter-writing
6. teman, kawan
   -literally means “mate”, “friend”
   -polite form
   -used by grown-up people in Perak and Johor respectively
7. beta
   -used when a ruler speaks to his brother ruler or to his subject
8. patik
   -used when a commoner is addressing a member of the royal family
9. the use of adopting suitable forms of address
   -“mak” when a mother is talking to her own children
   -“ayah” when a father is talking to his own children
   -“kak”, “abang/bang”, “makcik”, “pakcik”, “tok”, “nenek”
10. using the pet name, or the first, the last syllable, or the last two syllables of the personal name
11. anakanda
    -used for letter-writing (to father, uncles or persons whose age is about the same as your father’s age)
12. ayahanda (for fathers), bonda (for mothers)
    -used for letter-writing (to sons, daughters, nephew or nieces)
13. adinda (abbreviation: dinda)
    -used for letter writing [to elder brother, elder sister, male cousin, lover (male) or husband]
14. kakanda (abbreviation: kanda)
    -used for letter writing [to younger brother, younger sister, female cousin, lover (female) or wife]
15. cucunda
    -used for letter writing (to grandfather or grandmother)
16. nenda
    -used for letter writing (to grandchild)
17. kita
    -used when you don’t want to be too polite
    -in between “saya” and “aku”

Question 4

Lesson 4

you

Answer 4

1. awak
   -used among equals and people lower in status/age
   -opposite of “saya”
2. engkau (abbreviation: kau) (variant: dikau)
   -used by a superior to an inferior, either in age or in social status, such as a father to his child, an employer to an employee, etc.
   -used by younger people who are intimate to each other
   -used when you want to create a barrier with the opposite sex
   -used in prayer
   -crude word among members of refined society
   -opposite of “aku”
3. tuan
   -a polite word used widely by people in Kelantan and Upper Perak
   -also found in old literature books
   -opposite of “hamba” & “hamba tuan”
   -used in letter writing (to friends or female acquantances)
4. datuk
   -opposite of “hamba datuk”
5. mika, awak
   -opposite of “teman” & “kawan” respectively
   -polite form
   -used by grown-up people in Perak and Johor respectively
6. sahabat beta
   -used when a ruler speaks to his brother ruler or to his subject
   -opposite of “beta”
7. tuanku, tengku, engku
   -used when a commoner is addressing a member of the royal family
   -opposite of “patik”
8. the use of adopting suitable forms of address
   -“mak” when a mother is talking to her own children
   -“ayah” when a father is talking to his own children
   -“kak”, “abang/bang”, “makcik”, “pakcik”, “tok”, “nenek”
9. saudara, saudari
   -literally means “brother” , “sister”
   -a polite form
   -used to address people who are about the same age of the speaker
   -opposite of “saya”
10. anda
    -very formal (e.g. used for speeches)
    -used for both sexes
    -opposite of “saya”
    -prevalent in writing
11. kamu (a lot of times for plural: korang…kau + orang)
    -for informal polite usage (in between “awak” & “anda”)
    -used in the singular and plural form (more commonly plural form)
    -generally used by the elders and people of high social status
    -also used by younger people who are close to each other
12. ayahanda
    -used in letter writing (for official or business letters; to father, uncles or persons whose age is about the same as your father’s age)
13. anakanda
    -used in letter writing (to sons, daughters, nephews or nieces
14. kakanda (abbreviation: kanda)
    -used in letter writing [to elder brother, elder sister, male cousin, lover (male) or husband]
15. adinda (abbreviation: dinda)
    -used for letter writing [to younger brother, younger sister, female cousin, lover (female) or wife]
16. nenda
    -used for letter writing (to grandfather or grandmother)
17. cucunda
    -used for letter writing (to grandchild)

Question 5

Lesson 4

he/him, she/her

Answer 5

dia

Question 6

Lesson 4

it (subject only)

Answer 6

ia

Question 7

Lesson 4

we/us (includes the person you are speaking to)

Answer 7

kita

Question 8

Lesson 4

we/us (does not include the person you are speaking to)

Answer 8

kami

Question 9

Lesson 4

they/them

Answer 9

1. mereka (formal)
2. diorang (informal) dia + orang

Question 10

Lesson 4

his/her/its (used only as an object)

Answer 10

-nya

Question 11

Lesson 15

which

Answer 11

yang mana

Question 12

Lesson 15

who

Answer 12

siapa

Question 13

Lesson 15

whose

Answer 13

siapa punya

Question 14

Lesson 15

where

Answer 14

mana/di mana

Question 15

Lesson 15

who/which/what

Answer 15

yang

Question 16

Lesson 17

all

Answer 16

• semua
• kita semua