Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
Bacteria and Archea consist of
prokaryotic cells
eukarya consist of
eukaryotic cells
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have
plasmamembrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes, DNA, and cytoplasm
DNA in prokaryotic cells is
concentrated in a region (not membrane enclosed) call the nucleotide
DNA in eukaryotic cells is
stored in the nucleus
cytosol
inside the cell, semifluid/jelly like substance that all the subcellular components float in
Chromosomes
discrete units, structures that carry genetic informations
Cytoplasm (eukaryotic cells)
region between the nucleus and plasma membrane
Cytoplasm (prokaryotic cells)
contain regions surrounded by proteins
Plasmamembrane
a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen nutrients and waste to service the entire cell
The plasmamembrane is made up of
a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids with various proteins attached to or embeded in it. There are carbohydrate side chains that can be attached to the proteins or lipids on the outer surface of the membrane
Nucleus
contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell. Usually the most conspicous organelle
Nuclear envelope
encloses the nucleus separating its contents from the cytoplasm
The nuclear envelope has
a double membrane, that is proforated by pore structures that are lined with proteins structures called a pore complex that regulate the entry and exit of proteins, RNAs, and large complexes of molecules.
The nuclear envelope is lined by
the nuclear lamina that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope
Nuclear lamina
a net like array of protein filaments (in animal cells called intermediate filaments)
Chromosomes contain
1 long DNA molecule associated with proteins, including small basic proteins called histones. Some proteins help coil the DNA molecule of each chromosome, reducing its length to fit into the nucleus.
Chromatin
the complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes
Nucleolus
prominant structure within the nondividing nucleus.
In the nucleolus
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized from genes into DNA and proteins imported from the cytoplasm are assembled with rRNA into large and small subunits of ribosomes
The subunits of ribosomes then
leave through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm, where a large and a small subunit can assemble into a ribosome
When mRNA reaches the cytoplasm
ribosomes translate its genetic material into the primary structure of a polypeptide
Ribosomes
complexes made of proteins and ribosomal RNAs that carry out protein synthesis
Cells with high rates of protein synthesis have
large numbers of ribosomes and prominent nuclei
EX: human pancreas; digestive enzymes
Bound ribosomes are found on
the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear membrane
Free ribosomes are
suspended in the cytosol
Bound and free ribosomes are
structurally the same
Free ribosomes function within
the cytosol
EX: enzymes that catalyze the first steps of a sugar breakdown
Bound ribosomes make
proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes for packaging with in certain organelles like lysosomes or for export from the cell (secretion)
