Carbon and Macromolecules Pt.2 (lecture 6)

Question 1

Carbohydrates serve as

Answer 1

fuel and building Material

Question 2

Carbohydrates include

Answer 2

sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 3

the simplest carbohydrates are

Answer 3

monosaccarides, or simple sugars

Question 4

Carbohydrate macromolecules are

Answer 4

polysaccharides, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

Question 5

A monosaccharide is

Answer 5

the simplest sugar (one molecule)

Question 6

Disaccharides are formed when

Answer 6

a dehydration reaction occurs and joins 2 monosaccharides through covalent bon of glycosidic linkages

Question 7

Polysaccharides are formed by

Answer 7

a number of monosaccharides or disaccharides bonding together through glycosidic linkages

Question 8

Monosaccharides are classified by

Answer 8

the location of the carbonyl group (as ketose or aldose)
and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Question 9

Glucose is

Answer 9

the most common sugar (C6H12O6)

Question 10

The architecture and function of a polysaccharide is determined by

Answer 10

its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages

Question 11

Polysaccharides, the polymers of sugars have

Answer 11

storage and structural roles

Question 12

Storage Polysaccharide: Plant

Answer 12

Starch, that has plastids

Question 13

Storage Polysaccharide: Animals

Answer 13

Glycogen

Question 14

Macromolecules are

Answer 14

polymers, built from monomers

Question 15

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are

Answer 15

polymers

Question 16

Enzymes are

Answer 16

And are agents that catalyze the reaction but are not part of the reaction (helps speed up reaction/lowers activation energy)

Question 17

dehydration reaction is the

Answer 17

taking away water from the reaction (2 monomers come together –> product H2O)

Question 18

Hydrolysis are when

Answer 18

polymers are diassembled by monomers and splitting water, and breaking a bond

Question 19

Dehydration removes

Answer 19

a water molecule, forming a new bond –> resulting in a longer polymer

Question 20

Hydrolysis adds

Answer 20

a water molecule, breaking a bond

Question 21

Glucose and Glucose make

Answer 21

maltose

Question 22

Glucose and Fructose make

Answer 22

Sucrose

Question 23

Cellulose polymer is made up of

Answer 23

glucose monomers

Question 24

glycosidic linkage is the difference between

Answer 24

starch and cellulos

Question 25

Chitin forms the

Answer 25

exoskeleton of arthopods and the cell walls of fungi

Question 26

Cows can digest cellulos and not humans because

Answer 26

cows have a cellulos digesting bacteria called ruminococcus in the rumen, that an enzyme called cellulase to break down the cellulos to glucose

Question 27

Lipids are a

Answer 27

diverse group of hydrophobic molecules (which is their unifying feature)

Question 28

the most important lipids are

Answer 28

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Question 29

Lipids are not

Answer 29

true polymers

Question 30

Glycerol + any of 3 types Fatty Acids =

Answer 30

Triacylglycerol

Question 31

Fats are a type of

Answer 31

lipid (so they do not dissolve in water)

Question 32

During a dehydration reaction for a fat one

Answer 32

water molecule is removed for each fatty acid joined to the gylcerol

Question 33

there is an Ester linkage between

Answer 33

glycerol and carboxyl group

Question 34

Saturated fat is

Answer 34

solid at room temperature

Question 35

Unsaturated fat is

Answer 35

liquid at room temperature and also has a double bond

Question 36

a cis fatty acid has

Answer 36

has hydrogen bonds on the same side of two carbon atoms which are double bonded together

Question 37

A trans fatty acid are

Answer 37

molecules with the same atoms and double bond as the cis molecule, but the hydrogens are on the opposite sides of the carbons

Question 38

hydrongenation is the

Answer 38

process of converting a unsaturated fat to a saturated fat (double bond into a single bond)

Question 39

Phospholipid is made of

Answer 39

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group (attached to a glycerol)
the fatty tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate group and its attachment at the head makes it hydrophillic

Question 40

the structure of a phospholipid is

Answer 40

amphipathic because they are known as both hydrophillic and hydrophobic

Question 41

Cholesterol fits inbetween

Answer 41

the phospholipids in the bilayer

Question 42

Steroids are lipids that are categorized by

Answer 42

the carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

Question 43

Proteins account for

Answer 43

50% of the dry mass of most cells

Question 44

Proteins are used for

Answer 44

defense, storage, transport, communication, movement, structural supports

Question 45

Proteins are made from

Answer 45

the same set of 20 amino acids

Question 46

Polypeptide is

Answer 46

unbranched polymers that are built from the same amino acids

Question 47

Protein is a biologically functioning

Answer 47

molecule that can consist of one or more polypeptides

Question 48

Enzyme Proteins

Answer 48

Function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Ex: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

Question 49

Defensive Proteins

Answer 49

Function: Protection against disease
Ex: Antibodies inactivate and help destroy bacteria and viruses

Question 50

Storage Proteins

Answer 50

Function: Storage of amino acids
Ex: Plants have storage proteins in their seeds

Question 51

Transport Proteins

Answer 51

Function: Transport substances
Ex: Hemoglobin

Question 52

Receptor Proteins

Answer 52

Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli
Ex: Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerves

Question 53

Contractile and Motor Proteins

Answer 53

Function: Movement
Ex: Responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella

Question 54

Structural Proteins

Answer 54

Function: Support
Ex: Keratin is the protein of hair

Question 55

Amino Acids (monomers) are

Answer 55

organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups