Carbon and Macromolecules Pt.2 (lecture 6) Flashcards
Carbohydrates serve as
fuel and building Material
Carbohydrates include
sugars and polymers of sugars
the simplest carbohydrates are
monosaccarides, or simple sugars
Carbohydrate macromolecules are
polysaccharides, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks
A monosaccharide is
the simplest sugar (one molecule)
Disaccharides are formed when
a dehydration reaction occurs and joins 2 monosaccharides through covalent bon of glycosidic linkages
Polysaccharides are formed by
a number of monosaccharides or disaccharides bonding together through glycosidic linkages
Monosaccharides are classified by
the location of the carbonyl group (as ketose or aldose)
and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
Glucose is
the most common sugar (C6H12O6)
The architecture and function of a polysaccharide is determined by
its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages
Polysaccharides, the polymers of sugars have
storage and structural roles
Storage Polysaccharide: Plant
Starch, that has plastids
Storage Polysaccharide: Animals
Glycogen
Macromolecules are
polymers, built from monomers
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are
polymers
Enzymes are
And are agents that catalyze the reaction but are not part of the reaction (helps speed up reaction/lowers activation energy)
dehydration reaction is the
taking away water from the reaction (2 monomers come together –> product H2O)
Hydrolysis are when
polymers are diassembled by monomers and splitting water, and breaking a bond
Dehydration removes
a water molecule, forming a new bond –> resulting in a longer polymer
Hydrolysis adds
a water molecule, breaking a bond
Glucose and Glucose make
maltose
Glucose and Fructose make
Sucrose
Cellulose polymer is made up of
glucose monomers
glycosidic linkage is the difference between
starch and cellulos
Chitin forms the
exoskeleton of arthopods and the cell walls of fungi
Cows can digest cellulos and not humans because
cows have a cellulos digesting bacteria called ruminococcus in the rumen, that an enzyme called cellulase to break down the cellulos to glucose
Lipids are a
diverse group of hydrophobic molecules (which is their unifying feature)
the most important lipids are
fats, phospholipids, and steroids
Lipids are not
true polymers
Glycerol + any of 3 types Fatty Acids =
Triacylglycerol
Fats are a type of
lipid (so they do not dissolve in water)
During a dehydration reaction for a fat one
water molecule is removed for each fatty acid joined to the gylcerol
there is an Ester linkage between
glycerol and carboxyl group
Saturated fat is
solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fat is
liquid at room temperature and also has a double bond
a cis fatty acid has
has hydrogen bonds on the same side of two carbon atoms which are double bonded together
A trans fatty acid are
molecules with the same atoms and double bond as the cis molecule, but the hydrogens are on the opposite sides of the carbons
hydrongenation is the
process of converting a unsaturated fat to a saturated fat (double bond into a single bond)
Phospholipid is made of
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group (attached to a glycerol)
the fatty tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate group and its attachment at the head makes it hydrophillic
the structure of a phospholipid is
amphipathic because they are known as both hydrophillic and hydrophobic
Cholesterol fits inbetween
the phospholipids in the bilayer
Steroids are lipids that are categorized by
the carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
Proteins account for
50% of the dry mass of most cells
Proteins are used for
defense, storage, transport, communication, movement, structural supports
Proteins are made from
the same set of 20 amino acids
Polypeptide is
unbranched polymers that are built from the same amino acids
Protein is a biologically functioning
molecule that can consist of one or more polypeptides
Enzyme Proteins
Function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Ex: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules
Defensive Proteins
Function: Protection against disease
Ex: Antibodies inactivate and help destroy bacteria and viruses
Storage Proteins
Function: Storage of amino acids
Ex: Plants have storage proteins in their seeds
Transport Proteins
Function: Transport substances
Ex: Hemoglobin
Receptor Proteins
Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli
Ex: Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerves
Contractile and Motor Proteins
Function: Movement
Ex: Responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella
Structural Proteins
Function: Support
Ex: Keratin is the protein of hair
Amino Acids (monomers) are
organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups
