Diversity of Life (Lecture 1) Flashcards
Five Unifying themes in biology
Organization, information, Energy/matter, interactions, evolution
Cell is
the smallest unit of life
A molecule is
a building block of a cell (cannot survive on its own)
a cell is
a building block of tissues (cannot survive without its organelles)
Energy can not be
created, only distributed
(energy can become matter and matter can become energy)
Living things are
- made up of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and DNA
- composed of cells
reproduce, grow, and develop - use raw materials to extract energy
- respond to changes in their environment
- maintain homeostasis
- populations of living things evolve and have adaptive traits
Homeostasis
organs that you need at that moment are prioritized over organs that you don’t need at that moment
Order of how things are created
11) molecules
10) organelles (made up of molecules)
9) cells
8) tissues (made up of different specific cells)
7) organs (made up of tissues
6) organsystems (made up of different organ groups)
5) Organisms (all the organ systems together make an organism)
4) populations (groups of specific organisms)
3) communities (populations living in the same area/place)
2) Ecosystems (communities and their abiotic environment)
1) Biosphere
Eukaryotic cells
higher organisms with membrane enclosed organelles (largest being the nucleus)
- membrane
- cytoplasm
- DNA
- nucleus
Prokaryotic cells
are smaller and simpler, DNA but no nucleus, lower organisms, no enclosed organelles,
Hoe does DNA travel?
Egg cell/ovum + sperm cell –> fertilized egg (zygote) with DNA from both parents –> Embryo cell has copies of inherited DNA –> Offspring with traits from both parents
DNA is a
Double helix (one strand wound around the other) where each single strand is made up of A,C,T,G nucleotides
(DNA does not make protein it expresses it)
Gene expression is
a central Dogma of Life
An organism’s genome is its
entire “library” of genetic instructions
Genomic is the study of
Whole sets of genes in one or more species
Proteomic is the study of
Whole sets of proteins and their properties
A proteome is
The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organ
life requires
transformation of energy and matter
Plants use light energy from the sun
which is converted into chemical energy
Organisms eat plants and use
the chemical energy to do work, and chemicals pass to the organisms that eat the plants
Nucleotides are
the alphebet of DNA
Codons are
the “words” by which DNA encodes information
Genes are
the smallest unit of inheritance
Decomposers return chemicals to the soil and
plants take up the chemicals from the soil and air
heat is
lost from the ecosystem
Classification of humans
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: chordata
Class: mammalia
order: primates
family: hominidae
genus: homo
species: sapien
the 3 Domains
Bacteria
Archea
Eukarya: kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi, kingdom animalia, protist
the cross section cilia of a paramecium in a pond is the same as
the cilia in a humans windpipe cells
Darwin reasoned that
individuals with traits that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
- overtime, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits
Darwin call this the process of natural selection
- evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive success of individuals
- the natural environment “selects” for the propagation of beneficial traits
EX: Darwin’s Finches
the finches look different because of what they eat so their size, heads and beaks look different
