Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Flashcards
Eukaryotes
-True nucleus
-Chromosomes are linear, usually paired, in nucleus
-80s ribosomes- site of protein synthesis
-Mitochondria- site of cellular respiration
-cell wall- usually cellulose or chitin if it has one
-larger cells(10-100 microns )
-divide by mitosis
Ex: Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae
Prokaryotes
- No true nucleus
- 1 circular chromosome- not in nucleus
- 70s ribosomes- site of protein synthesis
- cell membrane- site of cellular respiration
- cell wall- peptidoglycan
-small cells-(1-10 microns) - divide by binary fission
Ex: bacteria and blue green algae
Name: monera and eubacteria
Shapes of bacteria
Coccus Diplococci Staphylococci Streptococci Sarcina- 3d cubed: 2 tetras put together Tetrad-4 of something
Bacillus arrangement
Rod Single Diplobacilus-pair Streptobacillus-chain Palisade- side by side
Spiral bacteria arrangements
Vibrio
Spirillium- move w/ flagella, tail- flagella @ end
Spirochete- axial filament wrapped @ whole cell
Pleomorphic
Variable shapes
Prokaryote structures
Capsule Cell wall Cytoplasmic membrane Ribosomes Pilli Cytoplasm Nucleoid Flagella
Glycocalyx
On outside of cell wall, usually polysaccharide and or polypeptide
Capsule
Firmly attached to cell wall
Organized
Linked with virulence-causes diseases, pathogenic
Slime layer
Loosely attached to cell wall
Disorganized
Linked with avirulence- without disease , non pathogenic
Flagella
Allow bacteria to move
Is a tail like structure in assorted arrangements
Simpler than Eukaryotes flagella and are made up of protein and truly rotate
Bacteria run or tumble in response to toxin, food, or light
Phototaxis- + go toward light - away from light
Chemotaxis- + go toward something - away from something
Arrangements of Flagella
Monotrichous- one hair
Lophotrichous- a lot of hair on one end
Amphitrichous- one hair on both sides
Peritrichous- a lot all over surface
Axial filament
Spirochetes use these for locomotion, it wraps around the flagella and assist in movement
Pili or fimbriae
Short fuzzy like hairs around cell
Sex Pilus
Connect between the bacteria and another cell
Cell Wall
Gram + Thick peptidoglycan layer No outer membrane Many layers Final color:purple Keeps primary stain Ex: staphylococcus aureus
Gram - Thin peptidoglycan layer 1 layer Outer membrane Final color: pink Loses primary stain, picks up outer stain Ex: escherichia coli
Gram staining procedure
Crystal violet- primary stain
Grams iodine-Mordant
Decolorizer- takes the color out; timing is crucial
Safranin- counter stain
Myoplasmas
Stain pink
Bacteria that has no cell wall
Smaller than other bacteria and can slip through bacteria filters
Have sterols in their cell membrane
Cell membrane
Prokaryotes
Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
No sterols except mycoplasmas
Eukaryotes
Phospholipid bilayer Proteins Sterols -animals: cholesterol -fungi: Ergosterol
Phospholipid bilayer
Consistency of olive oil, anything lipid soluable can go through via diffusion
Ex: CO2, O2
Nuclear Area
Where circular chromosome is found
No membrane around the chromosome
Plasmid
Extra chromosomal DNA
Can contain genes for drugs resistance
Can be copied and passed through sex pilus
Ribosomes
70s ribosomes
Not a membrane bound organelle
Site of protein synthesis
Prokaryote inclusions
Energy storage
Lipid inclusion: energy storage
Metachromatic granules-concentrations of phosphates- energy storage
Sulfer granules- energy storage
Carboxysomes-concentration of the enzymes needed for the dark reaction of photosynthesis where CO2 is fixed
Gas vacuoles-allow for buoyancy in water column
Endospores
Made inside bacteria and the vegetative part falls off
Has a copy of DNA and is very dry and dormant, sometimes for years
Resists harsh conditions ex: heating, drying, radiation
Germinates when conditions are favorable
Endospores only found in two genera of bacteria
Bacillus- aerobic ex: bacillus anthracis, bacillus subtilis
Clostridium- anaerobic ex: clostridium tetani, clostridium botulinum
Eukaryotes Organelles
Cell membrane- recall fluid mosaic models with sterols
Cell wall
Not peptidoglycan, usually cellulose or chitin
SER
Site of lipid synthesis and detoxifies lipids in cell
RER
Has ribosomes; site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Are 80s, can be free or associate with RER, where proteins are made
Golgi body
Refine, package and deliver protein
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration
Lysosomes
Contain strong digestive enzymes
Centrioles
Two are found in centrosome, in animals only, help with spindle fibers in mitosis
Chloroplast
Membrane bound organelle in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis
Nucleus
Large membrane bound organelle; contains bulk of the DNA
Nuclear Membrane
Separate nucleus for rest of cell
Nucleolus
Dense body of RNA within the nucleus
Chromatin
Loosely coiled DNA, seen in interphase
Chromosomes
Tightly coiled DNA seen in mitosis
Microfilaments
Cell muscles help with the formation of the cleavage furrow in cytokinesis
Microtubules
Cell skeleton gives strength to cilia flagella and spindle fibers
History of Earth Events
Earth is estimated to be 4.5 billion years old
Prokaryotes first appeared in the fossil record 3.5 billion yrs ago
Eukaryotes first appeared in the fossil record 2 billion yrs ago
Theories of where Eukaryotes came from
Autogenous theory- infolding cell membrane, perhaps gave rise to the nucleus and ER
Endosymbiont theory- a small prokaryote began living inside of a larger prokaryote and lost the ability to live independently
Evidence for Endosymbiont theory
Mitochondria and chloroplast both have there own DNA, have 70s ribosomes, and can divide independent of the nucleus
