Micro Ex 3: Review for Bacteria & Viruses Flashcards
What species of bacteria causes scarlet fever? What toxin is responsible? How does the gene for this toxin get passed between bacteria?
bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes
toxin: erythogenic toxin
Transduction (bacteriophage)
What species of bacteria causes toxic shock syndrome? What toxin is responsible?
bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus
toxin: toxic shock syndrome toxin
What species of bacteria causes scalded skin syndrome? What toxin is reposible?
bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus
toxin: exfoliative toxin
What toxin is responsible for causing Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning? Is it common? Explain
toxin: enterotoxin
Yes, frequent culprit is unrefrigerated food that causes nausea, cramping, vomitting and diarrhea; lasts for 2-6 hours recovery is 24 hours
List 2 bacteria that can cause impetigo.
Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyogenes
What species of bacteria causes streptococcal pharyngitis?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What species of bacteria has been implicated as a cause of neonatal or puerperal infections & was primarily a cow pathogen? How is it grouped? How is it treated?
bacteria: Streptococcus agalactae
Group B
treatment: GBS infection antibiotics/vaccine
What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia? How is it prevented?
bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae
prevention: vaccine that makes the capsules more avirulent so WBCs can easily phagocytize the bacteria
List 2 bacteria that can cause STD’s that are frequently asymptomatic, and can lead to sterility in both males and females and increase the chances of ectopic pregnancy.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae & Chlamydia trachomatis
What used to be the most common bacterial meningitis in adults and older children (mandatory vaccine)?
Neisseria meningitidis
What used to be the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in young children (now the vaccinated against it)?
Hemophilus influenza
What disease is associated with stagnant water, fountains, water towers & institutional air-conditioning systems? What organism causes this disease?
disease: (Legionnaire’s disease)= legionellosis
organism: Legionella pneumophila
What organism is associated with blue-green pus in wound, lung & UTI?
organism: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What organism causes tetanus or lockjaw? How do we get this organism usually? Symptoms?
organism: Clostridium tetani
get: dirty puncture wounds, burns, umbilical stumps, or needles
symptoms: severe uncontrollable spasms (large muscles); no control of breathing; death
What organism causes botulism? How do we get organism usually? Symptoms?
organism: Clostridium botulinum
get: food poisoning
symptoms: severe diarrhea & vomitting
What organism is the most common cause of gas gangrene? where spores found? What patients usually develop it? Why?
organism: Clostridium perfringens
get: anaerobic stagnant tissues & dirt
patients development of disease: diabetics
Why: sugar levels affect their circulation and therefore not much oxygen is brought to legs and feet (if wounded –> organism easily germinate)
What organism makes the antibiotic bactracin?
organism: Bacillus subtilis
What organism causes anthrax? Pulmonic vs Cutaneous
organism: Bacillus anthracis
pulmonic: inhaling spores & fatal
cutaneous: black ulcers forms on site of entrance
What food should not be given to children under a year of age? Disease linked? Why is it a problem for children under 1?
food: raw honey
disease: Botulism
why: immune system isn’t fully developed (infant paralysis)
List one organism that is associated with food poisoning from unpasteurized dairy products. is it mild or serious food poisoning? explain
organism: Listeria monocytogenes
Serious: 3rd leading case (rare but deadly germ)
What organism causes diptheria? Symptoms? How does it spread? Is it common in US today?
organism: Corynebacterium diptheria
Symptoms: 1. throat infection 2. pharyngeal symptoms-suffocation; later: classic toxemia
Spread: bloodstream
Not common
What organism causes TB? How is it spread? Is it infectious? Explain. Is it pandemic?
organism: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Spread: droplets in close quarters
very infectious
global pandemic (worldwide)
What organism causes leprosy? What animal carries this organism?
organism: Mycobacterium leprae
animal: armadillos
List an acid-fast genus.
Mycobacterium
List a genus or spore-forming aerobes. List a disease linked with it.
genus: Bacillus
disease: anthrax
List a genus or spore-forming anaerobes. List 4 diseases linked with it.
genus: Clostridium
disease: Tetanus, Botulism, Gas Gangrene & Clostidium difficile infection
What organism causes whooping cough? How is it spread? Prevention? Is it still an issue?
organism: Bordetella pertussis
Spread: by droplets
Prevention: TdaP boosters-adults; DTaP- children
Still an issue (vaccination rate decreasing)
What genus of bacteria is used in industry to clean up organic wastes, since it live in characteristically hostile environments?
genus: Pseudomonas
What are coliforms? give an example.
rapid lactose fermenters
example: E.coli & Klebsiella
What are noncoliforms? give an example.
doesn’t ferment lactose or weakly ferment lactose
example: (Opportunist)- proteus; (Enteric Pathogens)- salmonella; (Nonenteric pathogens)- yersinisa pestis
What is the most common cause of traveler’s diarrhea?
E. coli from water and food in the countries
What is the most common cause of UTI’s in females? Where does it come from & how do they get it?
cause: E.coli
Comes from: normal flora
how: primary or opportunistic infection from the normal flora
What enteric pathogen is spread by reptiles, poultry, and raw eggs? What does it cause?
enteric pathogen: Salmonella
Cause: severe diarrhea & vomiting for several days
What causes typhoid fever? Where can the causative agent be chronically carried in the host?
cause: Salmonella typhi
Chronically location: gallbladder
What organism cause bacillary dysentery?
organism: Shigella dysenteriae
What organism causes the plague? How is it spread? Black death? Occur in US? Explain.
organism: Yersinia pestis
spread: by fleas from rodents –> people
Black death because its a virulent diease
Endemic in Western Rocky Mt States, US
What organism usually causes bacterial conjunctivitis?
organism: Hemophilus aegyptius
What organism causes syphilis? How is it spread? Contrast Primary, secondary & teritary syphilis.
organism: Treponema pallidum
spread: sexually transmitted disease
Primary: chancre(single sore); Secondary: rash(measles & chickenpox); Teritary: Gummae (lesions formed when left untreated
What organism causes Lyme disease? How is it spread? Symptoms early on?
organism: Borrelia burgdorferi
Spread: by hard ticks (deer ticks)
Early Stage Symptoms: bull’s eye rash
What organism causes stomach ulcers? If not treated, what can it lead to? How is it normally treated?
organism: Helicobacter pylori
not treated: stomach cancer
normally treated: like an infection ~ antibiotics
What organism causes cholera? How is it spread?
organism: Campylobacter jejuni
spread: food & water contaminated by animal feces
What organism is associated with saltwater, & problem in Gulf oysters summers ago? (can be picked up by shrimpers or swimmers with broken skin)
organism: Vibrio parahaemolyticus
What organism is associated with fatal respiratory infections in asthmatics & may be a factor in fatal heart attacks?
organism: Chlamydia pneumoniae
List several organisms that cause food poisoning. List some ways to not get food poisoning.
organisms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Campylobacter jejuni; Salmonella; Clostridium botulism
preventions: meat and food cooked properly; check expiration dates; wash hands; avoid unpasteurized products, etc
List 3 viruses that cause the common cold.
Rhinovirus, Pneumovirus & Influenza virus
What infectious agent causes croup?
“RNA Virus”
Pneumovirus
[extra: no vaccine available but high risk in infants can be administered antibodes made from mice as a preventative during cold months; RSV Bronchiolitis-airway becomes obstructed from swelling of brochiole walls]
What infectious agent causes red measles?
“RNA Virus”
Rubeola virus
[extra: MMR vaccine is a live vaccine]
What infectious agent causes German measles?
“RNA Virus”
Rubella virus
[extra: teratogenic (damages nervous system structures: hearing & vision)
Which of the 2 measles can cross the placenta and cause birth defects?
“RNA Virus”
Rubella virus
What infectious agent causes polio?
“RNA Virus”
Polio virus
[extra: polio=grey, affects teh gray mater in the spinal cord, damage motor neurons, bacteria must be heat killed]
What infectious agent causes mumps? What is affected normally? Males?
“RNA Virus”
infectious agent: Paramyxovirus
affects: parotid glands (salivary glands)
affects in male: testes (can cause orchiditis)
What infectious agent causes rabies? How is it spread? is it infectious? explain.
“RNA Virus”
infectious agent: Rhabdovirus
spread: pets/animals –> people thru the bloodstream
very contagious –> fatal (if untreated)
[extra: Negri bodies show up in infected brain of the animal]
What infectious agent causes the flu? How is it classified? Prevention?
"RNA Virus" infectious agent: Influenza virus classification: RNA Viruses Prevention: Vaccine [extra: began with avian: birds]
Give an example of a retrovirus. Name the enzyme responsible and what is does. Name the disease caused.
“NOT RNA OR DNA VIRUS”
Example: HIV
Enzyme- transcriptase- converts RNA –> DNA
Disease caused: AIDS when Helper T cell count drops
[extra: Antiretroviral treatments: AZT-base analog for Thymine in DNA, Protease inhibitors, Fusion inhibitor-harder to attach to cell]
List 2 common hepatitis viruses that are normally spread by blood and body fluids.
“RNA Virus”
Hepatitis B & C
[extra: Hepatitis C: risk factors: sharing needles & health workers exposed to infected blood; no vaccine; chronic cirrhosis/liver cancer; treatment with interferon & an antiviral if detected early
List the hepatitis virus that can be spread by an oral-fecal route.
Hepatitis A Virus
[extra: infectious or short-term hepatitis,
Which virus is commonly spread by rodents and is associated with pulmonary edema & shock(4 corners area of NM)?
“RNA Virus”
Hantavirus
[extra: pulmonary edema, shock, syndrome; rats are the normal reservoir]
Which virus is usually spread by arthropods, like mosquitoes(general name for different viruses). List some viruses included in the general group.
“RNA Virus”
Virus: Arboviruses
Other viruses: yellow fever, Dengue fever, encephalitis & West Nile Virus
[extra: mosquito virus bites]
Which virus group includes Ebola & Marburg virus, with their characteristic hemorrhagic fever?
“RNA Virus”
Filovirus
[extra: consists of Ebola virus & Marburg virus (primates–>people); fatal within 10 days]
What virus causes smallpox? How is it controlled? Does vaccine last a life time? Are we still vaccinated? explain.
"DNA Virus" Virus: Variola Virus(type of Poxvirus) controlled: vaccine How long does it last: 1st 3-5 yrs; 2nd long time Still Vaccinated: no- eradicated it
List some example of Herpes viruses.
“DNA Virus”
Herpes Simplex Virus 1; Herpes Simplex Virus 2, Varicella virus, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes Virus 8
What causes infectious mononucleosis? If given penicillin family antibiotics, what happens? What organ swells that makes a seat belt injury dangerous? What can this virus cause in someone that is malnourished with malaria (Africa)?
"DNA Virus" Epstein-Barr Virus result of penicillin antibiotics: rash Organ affected: spleen Virus causes(seen in Africa): malignant tumor of the jaw (Burkitt's lymphoma overlaps with malaria)
What causes chickenpox? Prevention?
“DNA Virus”
Varicella Virus (Varicella-Zoster Virus)
Prevention: Varicella vaccine
What is the infectious agent that causes shingles? What disease do you have to have 1st?
“DNA Virus”
Herpes Zoster (Varicella-Zoster Virus)
Chickenpox
Give an example of a virus that can cause conjunctivitis.
“DNA Virus”
Adenovirus
[double-stranded DNA]
What causes warts?
“DNA Virus”
Papillomavirus
[double-stranded DNA]
What causes the 5th disease in children (linked with rheumatoid arthritis)? Appearance in child?
“DNA Virus”
[B19] Parvovirus
Appearance: low-grade fever & bright red rash on cheeks (dangerous to fetus)
[single stranded DNA]
[extra: fatal cardiac infection in puppies, enteric disease in dogs, in the soil vaccinate animals]
What is the most common viral STD today? What problems may it lead to?
Viral STD: Papillomavirus (genital warts)
problems: cancer of the cervix & anus can form a rare throat cancer and penile cancer
What is the most common bacterial STD today? What problems may it lead to?
Bacterial STD: Chlamydia trachomatis
problems: NGU; PID; lymphogranuloma venereum; serious eye infection
Give some examples of a stomach virus? Symptoms? Prevention?
“RNA Virus”
examples: Rotavirus & Noroviruses
Symptoms: diarrhea
Prevention: vaccine; avoid mechanical vectors
[extra: Rotavirus-oral-fecal route, viral enteric disease worldwide “stomach flu, vaccine available;” Noroviruses (norwalk family of viruses- problem on cruise ships, school, nursing homes, oral-fecal route, very common]
What is a prion? Examples of diseases caused by prions? Is it easy to kill? explain.
Prion: infectious protein
Examples: Scrapie in sheep; Kuru; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in people; Mad Cow (bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cows)
Easy to Kill: No (resistant to everything) MUST BE BURNED!!!
[extra: cause spongiform encephalopathies (brain is sponge-like); slow developing]
List 2 different ways that Streptococcus species are classified. Explain each.
Lancefield group: cell wall carbs stimulate RX’s w/ different anitbodies
Hemolysis: Gamma, Alpha & Beta
List an enzyme that digests blood clots.
Staphylokinase
What kind of enzyme do bacteria possess if they are beta hemolytic?
Hemolysin
List a toxin in Staphylococcus that helps strains kill off neutrophils & macrophages.
leukocidin
What kind of enzyme would a bacteria release that would make it resistant to penicillin?
penicillinase
What kind of enzyme helps digest material around the host cells and allow the bacteria to invade to deeper tissues?
Hyaluronidase
What enzyme released by Staphylococcus aureus causes fibrin to be deposited around the bacterial cells? Advantages?
enzyme: Coagulase
Advantages: elude host’s defense
What are the common flesh-eating bacteria? How toxins cause such problems in body?
bacteria: Vibrio parahaemolyticus
problem: bacterium infects wounds & burns in swimmers and shrimpers exposed to the seawater
What is another flesh-eating bacteria that people pick up from salt water in the Gulf of Mexico?
Vibrio vulnificus
What spore-forming bacteria can cause diarrhea after taking antibiotics?
Clostridium difficile ***
What medication, besides antibiotics, may lead to an overgrowth of this organism from previous question, especially in elderly patients?
proton pump inhibitors (reduction of gastric acid production)
What are pleomorphic bacteria? give an example.
bacteria with various forms
example: Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycobacterium
What organism causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Rickettsia
What is an obligate, intracellular parasite? give an example.
parasite that can’t reproduce outside a host cell
bacteria example: Rickettsia
What kind of bacteria has no cell wall?
Mycoplasma
What is a new prevention for genital warts?
Gardasil
What causes cold sores?
Herpes Simplex Virus 1
What causes genital herpes?
Herpes Simplex Virus 2
What virus is very common, but can cross the placenta & cause horrible birth defects and still births if moms have now been exposed to virus before(can be transmitted in urine)?
Cytomegalovirus
Give an example of a DNA virus and a RNA virus and a Retrovirus.
DNA Virus: Variola virus, Herpes, Hepatitis B, Adenovirus, HPV, Parvovirus
RNA Virus: Polio, Rhinovirus, Rubella, Rubeola, Pneumovirus
Retrovirus: HIV
What does polio affect? how is it spread? prevention?
affect: muscles in body
spread: oral-fecal route
prevention: Inactivated Polio vaccine
What is MRSA? Contrast CA-MRSA & HA-MRSA.
MRSA: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
CA-MRSA: community associated; not linked w/ healthcare; gene kills neutrophils/macrophages; increases mortality
HA-MRSA: hospital/healthcare associated; linked w/ overuse of antibiotics & time spent in facility
What can commonly cause otitis media in children? Prevention?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
prevention: vaccine
What causes the 100 day cough in adults? Prevention? Vulnerable group spread to?
Bordetella pertussis
Prevention: DTap(youth); Tdap(adults)
Vulnerable group:infants
If coliforms are found in water, what does this indicate?
fecal contamination (infantile diarrhea)
Where did all influenza viruses originate from?
avian(bird)=flu infection
Does influenza viruses mutate easily?
yes: high mutation rate
What 2 organism are good “mixing vessels” for different types of influenza?
Pig(swine) & birds
What are 2 different common ways influenza can spread globally?
Airplanes & Cruise Ships
How did West Nile get to the US?
Port of Houston
What animals are usually the reservoir for West Nile Virus?
mosquitoes
How is West Nile Virus spread?
vectors: mosquitoes, ticks and flies
How is West Nile Virus monitored in the Galveston/Harris County area?
Houston Pest Control. They check mosquitoes and birds that died from unknown causes
How did the Asian Tiger Mosquioto (Aedes albopictus) get to Houston & then to many places in the US?
on a plane to New York and spread
What is the potential problem with the Asian Tiger Mosquito?
cause Dengue fever
[extra: mosquito came from Japan: container ship with tires; hemorrhagic fever]
Is the control of the Asian Tiger Mosquito easy?
No, but is very aggressive
What causes Kaposi’s Sarcoma?
Herpes Virus 8
[double-stranded]
What disease do people normally have before they get Kaposi’s Sarcoma?
AIDS
Liver cancer is common worldwide. List an infectious agent that can cause this. Prevention?
Hepatitis B Virus
Prevention: no vaccine; treatment with interferon & an antiviral
[extra: not complete double-stranded DNA molecule- a section of the molecule is composed of single-stranded DNA]
Stomach cancer is common worldwide. List the bacterium that causes this. Prevention?
Rotavirus
Prevention: vaccine
