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Microbiology > Micro Ex 3: Review for Bacteria & Viruses > Flashcards

Micro Ex 3: Review for Bacteria & Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

What species of bacteria causes scarlet fever? What toxin is responsible? How does the gene for this toxin get passed between bacteria?

A

bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes
toxin: erythogenic toxin
Transduction (bacteriophage)

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2
Q

What species of bacteria causes toxic shock syndrome? What toxin is responsible?

A

bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus
toxin: toxic shock syndrome toxin

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3
Q

What species of bacteria causes scalded skin syndrome? What toxin is reposible?

A

bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus
toxin: exfoliative toxin

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4
Q

What toxin is responsible for causing Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning? Is it common? Explain

A

toxin: enterotoxin
Yes, frequent culprit is unrefrigerated food that causes nausea, cramping, vomitting and diarrhea; lasts for 2-6 hours recovery is 24 hours

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5
Q

List 2 bacteria that can cause impetigo.

A

Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyogenes

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6
Q

What species of bacteria causes streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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7
Q

What species of bacteria has been implicated as a cause of neonatal or puerperal infections & was primarily a cow pathogen? How is it grouped? How is it treated?

A

bacteria: Streptococcus agalactae
Group B
treatment: GBS infection antibiotics/vaccine

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia? How is it prevented?

A

bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae
prevention: vaccine that makes the capsules more avirulent so WBCs can easily phagocytize the bacteria

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9
Q

List 2 bacteria that can cause STD’s that are frequently asymptomatic, and can lead to sterility in both males and females and increase the chances of ectopic pregnancy.

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae & Chlamydia trachomatis

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10
Q

What used to be the most common bacterial meningitis in adults and older children (mandatory vaccine)?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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11
Q

What used to be the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in young children (now the vaccinated against it)?

A

Hemophilus influenza

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12
Q

What disease is associated with stagnant water, fountains, water towers & institutional air-conditioning systems? What organism causes this disease?

A

disease: (Legionnaire’s disease)= legionellosis
organism: Legionella pneumophila

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13
Q

What organism is associated with blue-green pus in wound, lung & UTI?

A

organism: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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14
Q

What organism causes tetanus or lockjaw? How do we get this organism usually? Symptoms?

A

organism: Clostridium tetani
get: dirty puncture wounds, burns, umbilical stumps, or needles
symptoms: severe uncontrollable spasms (large muscles); no control of breathing; death

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15
Q

What organism causes botulism? How do we get organism usually? Symptoms?

A

organism: Clostridium botulinum
get: food poisoning
symptoms: severe diarrhea & vomitting

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16
Q

What organism is the most common cause of gas gangrene? where spores found? What patients usually develop it? Why?

A

organism: Clostridium perfringens
get: anaerobic stagnant tissues & dirt
patients development of disease: diabetics
Why: sugar levels affect their circulation and therefore not much oxygen is brought to legs and feet (if wounded –> organism easily germinate)

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17
Q

What organism makes the antibiotic bactracin?

A

organism: Bacillus subtilis

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18
Q

What organism causes anthrax? Pulmonic vs Cutaneous

A

organism: Bacillus anthracis
pulmonic: inhaling spores & fatal
cutaneous: black ulcers forms on site of entrance

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19
Q

What food should not be given to children under a year of age? Disease linked? Why is it a problem for children under 1?

A

food: raw honey
disease: Botulism
why: immune system isn’t fully developed (infant paralysis)

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20
Q

List one organism that is associated with food poisoning from unpasteurized dairy products. is it mild or serious food poisoning? explain

A

organism: Listeria monocytogenes
Serious: 3rd leading case (rare but deadly germ)

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21
Q

What organism causes diptheria? Symptoms? How does it spread? Is it common in US today?

A

organism: Corynebacterium diptheria
Symptoms: 1. throat infection 2. pharyngeal symptoms-suffocation; later: classic toxemia
Spread: bloodstream
Not common

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22
Q

What organism causes TB? How is it spread? Is it infectious? Explain. Is it pandemic?

A

organism: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Spread: droplets in close quarters
very infectious
global pandemic (worldwide)

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23
Q

What organism causes leprosy? What animal carries this organism?

A

organism: Mycobacterium leprae
animal: armadillos

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24
Q

List an acid-fast genus.

A

Mycobacterium

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25
Q

List a genus or spore-forming aerobes. List a disease linked with it.

A

genus: Bacillus
disease: anthrax

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26
Q

List a genus or spore-forming anaerobes. List 4 diseases linked with it.

A

genus: Clostridium
disease: Tetanus, Botulism, Gas Gangrene & Clostidium difficile infection

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27
Q

What organism causes whooping cough? How is it spread? Prevention? Is it still an issue?

A

organism: Bordetella pertussis
Spread: by droplets
Prevention: TdaP boosters-adults; DTaP- children
Still an issue (vaccination rate decreasing)

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28
Q

What genus of bacteria is used in industry to clean up organic wastes, since it live in characteristically hostile environments?

A

genus: Pseudomonas

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29
Q

What are coliforms? give an example.

A

rapid lactose fermenters

example: E.coli & Klebsiella

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30
Q

What are noncoliforms? give an example.

A

doesn’t ferment lactose or weakly ferment lactose

example: (Opportunist)- proteus; (Enteric Pathogens)- salmonella; (Nonenteric pathogens)- yersinisa pestis

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31
Q

What is the most common cause of traveler’s diarrhea?

A

E. coli from water and food in the countries

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32
Q

What is the most common cause of UTI’s in females? Where does it come from & how do they get it?

A

cause: E.coli
Comes from: normal flora
how: primary or opportunistic infection from the normal flora

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33
Q

What enteric pathogen is spread by reptiles, poultry, and raw eggs? What does it cause?

A

enteric pathogen: Salmonella

Cause: severe diarrhea & vomiting for several days

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34
Q

What causes typhoid fever? Where can the causative agent be chronically carried in the host?

A

cause: Salmonella typhi

Chronically location: gallbladder

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35
Q

What organism cause bacillary dysentery?

A

organism: Shigella dysenteriae

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36
Q

What organism causes the plague? How is it spread? Black death? Occur in US? Explain.

A

organism: Yersinia pestis
spread: by fleas from rodents –> people
Black death because its a virulent diease
Endemic in Western Rocky Mt States, US

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37
Q

What organism usually causes bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

organism: Hemophilus aegyptius

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38
Q

What organism causes syphilis? How is it spread? Contrast Primary, secondary & teritary syphilis.

A

organism: Treponema pallidum
spread: sexually transmitted disease
Primary: chancre(single sore); Secondary: rash(measles & chickenpox); Teritary: Gummae (lesions formed when left untreated

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39
Q

What organism causes Lyme disease? How is it spread? Symptoms early on?

A

organism: Borrelia burgdorferi
Spread: by hard ticks (deer ticks)
Early Stage Symptoms: bull’s eye rash

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40
Q

What organism causes stomach ulcers? If not treated, what can it lead to? How is it normally treated?

A

organism: Helicobacter pylori
not treated: stomach cancer
normally treated: like an infection ~ antibiotics

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41
Q

What organism causes cholera? How is it spread?

A

organism: Campylobacter jejuni
spread: food & water contaminated by animal feces

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42
Q

What organism is associated with saltwater, & problem in Gulf oysters summers ago? (can be picked up by shrimpers or swimmers with broken skin)

A

organism: Vibrio parahaemolyticus

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43
Q

What organism is associated with fatal respiratory infections in asthmatics & may be a factor in fatal heart attacks?

A

organism: Chlamydia pneumoniae

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44
Q

List several organisms that cause food poisoning. List some ways to not get food poisoning.

A

organisms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Campylobacter jejuni; Salmonella; Clostridium botulism
preventions: meat and food cooked properly; check expiration dates; wash hands; avoid unpasteurized products, etc

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45
Q

List 3 viruses that cause the common cold.

A

Rhinovirus, Pneumovirus & Influenza virus

46
Q

What infectious agent causes croup?

A

“RNA Virus”
Pneumovirus
[extra: no vaccine available but high risk in infants can be administered antibodes made from mice as a preventative during cold months; RSV Bronchiolitis-airway becomes obstructed from swelling of brochiole walls]

47
Q

What infectious agent causes red measles?

A

“RNA Virus”
Rubeola virus
[extra: MMR vaccine is a live vaccine]

48
Q

What infectious agent causes German measles?

A

“RNA Virus”
Rubella virus
[extra: teratogenic (damages nervous system structures: hearing & vision)

49
Q

Which of the 2 measles can cross the placenta and cause birth defects?

A

“RNA Virus”

Rubella virus

50
Q

What infectious agent causes polio?

A

“RNA Virus”
Polio virus
[extra: polio=grey, affects teh gray mater in the spinal cord, damage motor neurons, bacteria must be heat killed]

51
Q

What infectious agent causes mumps? What is affected normally? Males?

A

“RNA Virus”
infectious agent: Paramyxovirus
affects: parotid glands (salivary glands)
affects in male: testes (can cause orchiditis)

52
Q

What infectious agent causes rabies? How is it spread? is it infectious? explain.

A

“RNA Virus”
infectious agent: Rhabdovirus
spread: pets/animals –> people thru the bloodstream
very contagious –> fatal (if untreated)
[extra: Negri bodies show up in infected brain of the animal]

53
Q

What infectious agent causes the flu? How is it classified? Prevention?

A 
"RNA Virus"
infectious agent: Influenza virus
classification: RNA Viruses
Prevention: Vaccine
[extra: began with avian: birds]
54
Q

Give an example of a retrovirus. Name the enzyme responsible and what is does. Name the disease caused.

A

“NOT RNA OR DNA VIRUS”
Example: HIV
Enzyme- transcriptase- converts RNA –> DNA
Disease caused: AIDS when Helper T cell count drops
[extra: Antiretroviral treatments: AZT-base analog for Thymine in DNA, Protease inhibitors, Fusion inhibitor-harder to attach to cell]

55
Q

List 2 common hepatitis viruses that are normally spread by blood and body fluids.

A

“RNA Virus”
Hepatitis B & C
[extra: Hepatitis C: risk factors: sharing needles & health workers exposed to infected blood; no vaccine; chronic cirrhosis/liver cancer; treatment with interferon & an antiviral if detected early

56
Q

List the hepatitis virus that can be spread by an oral-fecal route.

A

Hepatitis A Virus

[extra: infectious or short-term hepatitis,

57
Q

Which virus is commonly spread by rodents and is associated with pulmonary edema & shock(4 corners area of NM)?

A

“RNA Virus”
Hantavirus
[extra: pulmonary edema, shock, syndrome; rats are the normal reservoir]

58
Q

Which virus is usually spread by arthropods, like mosquitoes(general name for different viruses). List some viruses included in the general group.

A

“RNA Virus”
Virus: Arboviruses
Other viruses: yellow fever, Dengue fever, encephalitis & West Nile Virus
[extra: mosquito virus bites]

59
Q

Which virus group includes Ebola & Marburg virus, with their characteristic hemorrhagic fever?

A

“RNA Virus”
Filovirus
[extra: consists of Ebola virus & Marburg virus (primates–>people); fatal within 10 days]

60
Q

What virus causes smallpox? How is it controlled? Does vaccine last a life time? Are we still vaccinated? explain.

A 
"DNA Virus"
Virus: Variola Virus(type of Poxvirus)
controlled: vaccine
How long does it last: 1st 3-5 yrs; 2nd long time
Still Vaccinated: no- eradicated it
61
Q

List some example of Herpes viruses.

A

“DNA Virus”

Herpes Simplex Virus 1; Herpes Simplex Virus 2, Varicella virus, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes Virus 8

62
Q

What causes infectious mononucleosis? If given penicillin family antibiotics, what happens? What organ swells that makes a seat belt injury dangerous? What can this virus cause in someone that is malnourished with malaria (Africa)?

A 
"DNA Virus"
Epstein-Barr Virus
result of penicillin antibiotics: rash
Organ affected: spleen
Virus causes(seen in Africa): malignant tumor of the jaw (Burkitt's lymphoma overlaps with malaria)
63
Q

What causes chickenpox? Prevention?

A

“DNA Virus”
Varicella Virus (Varicella-Zoster Virus)
Prevention: Varicella vaccine

64
Q

What is the infectious agent that causes shingles? What disease do you have to have 1st?

A

“DNA Virus”
Herpes Zoster (Varicella-Zoster Virus)
Chickenpox

65
Q

Give an example of a virus that can cause conjunctivitis.

A

“DNA Virus”
Adenovirus
[double-stranded DNA]

66
Q

What causes warts?

A

“DNA Virus”
Papillomavirus
[double-stranded DNA]

67
Q

What causes the 5th disease in children (linked with rheumatoid arthritis)? Appearance in child?

A

“DNA Virus”
[B19] Parvovirus
Appearance: low-grade fever & bright red rash on cheeks (dangerous to fetus)
[single stranded DNA]
[extra: fatal cardiac infection in puppies, enteric disease in dogs, in the soil vaccinate animals]

68
Q

What is the most common viral STD today? What problems may it lead to?

A

Viral STD: Papillomavirus (genital warts)

problems: cancer of the cervix & anus can form a rare throat cancer and penile cancer

69
Q

What is the most common bacterial STD today? What problems may it lead to?

A

Bacterial STD: Chlamydia trachomatis

problems: NGU; PID; lymphogranuloma venereum; serious eye infection

70
Q

Give some examples of a stomach virus? Symptoms? Prevention?

A

“RNA Virus”
examples: Rotavirus & Noroviruses
Symptoms: diarrhea
Prevention: vaccine; avoid mechanical vectors
[extra: Rotavirus-oral-fecal route, viral enteric disease worldwide “stomach flu, vaccine available;” Noroviruses (norwalk family of viruses- problem on cruise ships, school, nursing homes, oral-fecal route, very common]

71
Q

What is a prion? Examples of diseases caused by prions? Is it easy to kill? explain.

A

Prion: infectious protein
Examples: Scrapie in sheep; Kuru; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in people; Mad Cow (bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cows)
Easy to Kill: No (resistant to everything) MUST BE BURNED!!!
[extra: cause spongiform encephalopathies (brain is sponge-like); slow developing]

72
Q

List 2 different ways that Streptococcus species are classified. Explain each.

A

Lancefield group: cell wall carbs stimulate RX’s w/ different anitbodies
Hemolysis: Gamma, Alpha & Beta

73
Q

List an enzyme that digests blood clots.

A

Staphylokinase

74
Q

What kind of enzyme do bacteria possess if they are beta hemolytic?

A

Hemolysin

75
Q

List a toxin in Staphylococcus that helps strains kill off neutrophils & macrophages.

A

leukocidin

76
Q

What kind of enzyme would a bacteria release that would make it resistant to penicillin?

A

penicillinase

77
Q

What kind of enzyme helps digest material around the host cells and allow the bacteria to invade to deeper tissues?

A

Hyaluronidase

78
Q

What enzyme released by Staphylococcus aureus causes fibrin to be deposited around the bacterial cells? Advantages?

A

enzyme: Coagulase
Advantages: elude host’s defense

79
Q

What are the common flesh-eating bacteria? How toxins cause such problems in body?

A

bacteria: Vibrio parahaemolyticus
problem: bacterium infects wounds & burns in swimmers and shrimpers exposed to the seawater

80
Q

What is another flesh-eating bacteria that people pick up from salt water in the Gulf of Mexico?

A

Vibrio vulnificus

81
Q

What spore-forming bacteria can cause diarrhea after taking antibiotics?

A

Clostridium difficile ***

82
Q

What medication, besides antibiotics, may lead to an overgrowth of this organism from previous question, especially in elderly patients?

A

proton pump inhibitors (reduction of gastric acid production)

83
Q

What are pleomorphic bacteria? give an example.

A

bacteria with various forms

example: Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycobacterium

84
Q

What organism causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

A

Rickettsia

85
Q

What is an obligate, intracellular parasite? give an example.

A

parasite that can’t reproduce outside a host cell

bacteria example: Rickettsia

86
Q

What kind of bacteria has no cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma

87
Q

What is a new prevention for genital warts?

A

Gardasil

88
Q

What causes cold sores?

A

Herpes Simplex Virus 1

89
Q

What causes genital herpes?

A

Herpes Simplex Virus 2

90
Q

What virus is very common, but can cross the placenta & cause horrible birth defects and still births if moms have now been exposed to virus before(can be transmitted in urine)?

A

Cytomegalovirus

91
Q

Give an example of a DNA virus and a RNA virus and a Retrovirus.

A

DNA Virus: Variola virus, Herpes, Hepatitis B, Adenovirus, HPV, Parvovirus
RNA Virus: Polio, Rhinovirus, Rubella, Rubeola, Pneumovirus
Retrovirus: HIV

92
Q

What does polio affect? how is it spread? prevention?

A

affect: muscles in body
spread: oral-fecal route
prevention: Inactivated Polio vaccine

93
Q

What is MRSA? Contrast CA-MRSA & HA-MRSA.

A

MRSA: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
CA-MRSA: community associated; not linked w/ healthcare; gene kills neutrophils/macrophages; increases mortality
HA-MRSA: hospital/healthcare associated; linked w/ overuse of antibiotics & time spent in facility

94
Q

What can commonly cause otitis media in children? Prevention?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

prevention: vaccine

95
Q

What causes the 100 day cough in adults? Prevention? Vulnerable group spread to?

A

Bordetella pertussis
Prevention: DTap(youth); Tdap(adults)
Vulnerable group:infants

96
Q

If coliforms are found in water, what does this indicate?

A

fecal contamination (infantile diarrhea)

97
Q

Where did all influenza viruses originate from?

A

avian(bird)=flu infection

98
Q

Does influenza viruses mutate easily?

A

yes: high mutation rate

99
Q

What 2 organism are good “mixing vessels” for different types of influenza?

A

Pig(swine) & birds

100
Q

What are 2 different common ways influenza can spread globally?

A

Airplanes & Cruise Ships

101
Q

How did West Nile get to the US?

A

Port of Houston

102
Q

What animals are usually the reservoir for West Nile Virus?

A

mosquitoes

103
Q

How is West Nile Virus spread?

A

vectors: mosquitoes, ticks and flies

104
Q

How is West Nile Virus monitored in the Galveston/Harris County area?

A

Houston Pest Control. They check mosquitoes and birds that died from unknown causes

105
Q

How did the Asian Tiger Mosquioto (Aedes albopictus) get to Houston & then to many places in the US?

A

on a plane to New York and spread

106
Q

What is the potential problem with the Asian Tiger Mosquito?

A

cause Dengue fever

[extra: mosquito came from Japan: container ship with tires; hemorrhagic fever]

107
Q

Is the control of the Asian Tiger Mosquito easy?

A

No, but is very aggressive

108
Q

What causes Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A

Herpes Virus 8

[double-stranded]

109
Q

What disease do people normally have before they get Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A

AIDS

110
Q

Liver cancer is common worldwide. List an infectious agent that can cause this. Prevention?

A

Hepatitis B Virus
Prevention: no vaccine; treatment with interferon & an antiviral
[extra: not complete double-stranded DNA molecule- a section of the molecule is composed of single-stranded DNA]

111
Q

Stomach cancer is common worldwide. List the bacterium that causes this. Prevention?

A

Rotavirus

Prevention: vaccine

Microbiology (20 decks)

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