Metabolism Flashcards
Anabolism
Building small molecules into larger one
Ex: DNA synthesis or replication, protein synthesis
Catabolism
Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones
Ex: digestive system, glycolysis, Krebs cycle
Classes of Enzymes
- Synthetase- ( polymerase= ligase) builds small molecules into larger ones
Ex: glucose made into glycogen
- Hydrolase- breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones y adding water
- Transferase- move a functional group from one molecule to another
- Isomerase- rearranging an atom within a molecule
- Lyase- causes a double bond to break or form
- Oxidireductase- cause the loss or gain of hydrogens and or electrons
Oil
Oxidation is loss
Less potential energy
No H atoms
Ex: CO2, NAD
RIG
Reduction is gained
More potential energy
Has H atoms
Ex: NADH, C6H12O6
ATP~ usable energy
NADH~ potential energy
Substrate
The molecule that is changed by the enzyme
Enzymes
- usually proteins 3d shape
- biological catalysts- speeds up reaction
- reused
Holoenzyme- whole functional enzyme
Apoenzyme- protein with 3d shape(needs more)
Enzyme helpers
Help enzyme change shape
Cofactor
Inorganic mineral
Ex: magnesium, calcium
Coenzyme
Organic vitamin
Ex: folic acid, B12
Negative Feedback
Excess product inhibits pathway by binding an enzyme in the pathway, changing shape and blocking pathway
If too much of the product is not used
Excess P attaches to E2 and changes the shape of E2 so that it cannot fit and the pathway is stopped/ inhibited until P is all used up and needed again
Where does glycolysis takes place
In cytoplasm
Anaerobic
Intermediate Step
Reactants- 2 pyruvic acid
Products- No ATP
2CO2 ( waste)
2NADH ( reduced )
2acetylcoenzyme A
Krebs cycle
Reactant- 2acetylcoenzyme a
Products- 6NADH
2FADH2
4CO2
2ATP ( usable)
In eukaryote- mitochondria matrix
In prokaryotes- in cytoplasm
ETC
In eukaryotes- mitochondria cristae
In prokaryote- cell membrane
where all reduced molecules go
Reactants- NADH
FADH2
O2( if available every time you have 1NADH~ 3 ATP, 1FADH2~ 2 ATP
O2 is the final electron receptor
Products- 34 ATP
H2O
aerobic
ATP synthase
Uses energy from hydrogen ion coming through membrane makes ATP from ADP + Phosphate
Energy
Glycolysis- 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Intermediate- 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle- 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
ETC- 6 ATP + 6 ATP + 18 ATP + 4 ATP= 34 ATP= 38 total
Fermentation
Anaerobic
No ATP
Glycolysis produce 2atp and fermentation 0= 2 ATP
Ex: lactic acid, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid
Human- pyruvic acid~lactic acid
Yeast- acetylaldehyde~ CO2+ ethanol
Propinnin bacterium~ propinic acid
Sacromyces- CO2+ ethanol
Clostridium- acetone and isopropyl
Escherichia acetobacter- vinegar, acetic acid
Phosphorylation
Magnesium required, phosphate coming from substrate level
Organic molecule
High energy phosphate
Ex: phosphoenol pa~ pyruvic acid
Transferase does this
Makes ATP
Euk- mitochondria, cytosol
Prok- cytosol
Oxidative phosphorylation
Inorganic phosphate
Proton motive force
Euk- inner membrane of mitochondria
Prok- cytoplasmic membrane
Make ATP in ETC
Photo phosphorylation
Inorganic phosphate
Proton motive
In euk- thylakoids of chloroplast
In prok- thylakoids of cytoplasmic membrane
In plants
Enzyme Activity
- Temp- 37 C
- Ph- 7
- Concentration- enzyme can only go so fast
- Enternerdouroff
2. Pentose phosphate pathway
- Pseudomones- uses to breakdown hydrocarbons
2. Used to turn glucose into nucleotides and aa
