Metabolism

Question 0

Anabolism

Answer 0

Building small molecules into larger one

Ex: DNA synthesis or replication, protein synthesis

Question 1

Catabolism

Answer 1

Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones

Ex: digestive system, glycolysis, Krebs cycle

Question 2

Classes of Enzymes

Answer 2

1. Synthetase- ( polymerase= ligase) builds small molecules into larger ones

Ex: glucose made into glycogen

2. Hydrolase- breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones y adding water
3. Transferase- move a functional group from one molecule to another
4. Isomerase- rearranging an atom within a molecule
5. Lyase- causes a double bond to break or form
6. Oxidireductase- cause the loss or gain of hydrogens and or electrons

Question 3

Oil

Answer 3

Oxidation is loss

Less potential energy

No H atoms

Ex: CO2, NAD

Question 4

RIG

Answer 4

Reduction is gained

More potential energy

Has H atoms

Ex: NADH, C6H12O6

ATP~ usable energy

NADH~ potential energy

Question 5

Substrate

Answer 5

The molecule that is changed by the enzyme

Question 6

Enzymes

Answer 6

• usually proteins 3d shape
• biological catalysts- speeds up reaction
• reused

Holoenzyme- whole functional enzyme
Apoenzyme- protein with 3d shape(needs more)

Question 7

Enzyme helpers

Answer 7

Help enzyme change shape

Question 8

Cofactor

Answer 8

Inorganic mineral

Ex: magnesium, calcium

Question 9

Coenzyme

Answer 9

Organic vitamin

Ex: folic acid, B12

Question 10

Negative Feedback

Answer 10

Excess product inhibits pathway by binding an enzyme in the pathway, changing shape and blocking pathway

If too much of the product is not used

Excess P attaches to E2 and changes the shape of E2 so that it cannot fit and the pathway is stopped/ inhibited until P is all used up and needed again

Question 11

Where does glycolysis takes place

Answer 11

In cytoplasm

Anaerobic

Question 12

Intermediate Step

Answer 12

Reactants- 2 pyruvic acid

Products- No ATP
2CO2 ( waste)
2NADH ( reduced )
2acetylcoenzyme A

Question 13

Krebs cycle

Answer 13

Reactant- 2acetylcoenzyme a

Products- 6NADH
2FADH2
4CO2
2ATP ( usable)

In eukaryote- mitochondria matrix
In prokaryotes- in cytoplasm

Question 14

ETC

Answer 14

In eukaryotes- mitochondria cristae
In prokaryote- cell membrane

where all reduced molecules go

Reactants- NADH
FADH2
O2( if available every time you have 1NADH~ 3 ATP, 1FADH2~ 2 ATP

O2 is the final electron receptor

Products- 34 ATP
H2O
aerobic

Question 15

ATP synthase

Answer 15

Uses energy from hydrogen ion coming through membrane makes ATP from ADP + Phosphate

Question 16

Energy

Answer 16

Glycolysis- 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Intermediate- 2 NADH

Krebs Cycle- 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

ETC- 6 ATP + 6 ATP + 18 ATP + 4 ATP= 34 ATP= 38 total

Question 17

Fermentation

Answer 17

Anaerobic

No ATP

Glycolysis produce 2atp and fermentation 0= 2 ATP

Ex: lactic acid, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid

Human- pyruvic acid~lactic acid

Yeast- acetylaldehyde~ CO2+ ethanol

Propinnin bacterium~ propinic acid

Sacromyces- CO2+ ethanol

Clostridium- acetone and isopropyl

Escherichia acetobacter- vinegar, acetic acid

Question 18

Phosphorylation

Answer 18

Magnesium required, phosphate coming from substrate level

Organic molecule

High energy phosphate

Ex: phosphoenol pa~ pyruvic acid

Transferase does this

Makes ATP

Euk- mitochondria, cytosol
Prok- cytosol

Question 19

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 19

Inorganic phosphate

Proton motive force

Euk- inner membrane of mitochondria
Prok- cytoplasmic membrane

Make ATP in ETC

Question 20

Photo phosphorylation

Answer 20

Inorganic phosphate

Proton motive

In euk- thylakoids of chloroplast
In prok- thylakoids of cytoplasmic membrane

In plants

Question 21

Enzyme Activity

Answer 21

• Temp- 37 C
• Ph- 7
• Concentration- enzyme can only go so fast

Question 22

1. Enternerdouroff

2. Pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 22

1. Pseudomones- uses to breakdown hydrocarbons

2. Used to turn glucose into nucleotides and aa