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Microbiology > Micro Ex 3: Disease Terms > Flashcards

Micro Ex 3: Disease Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Microorganism that causes diseases: bacterial, viral, protozoans & parasitic are known as

A

Pathogen

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2
Q

Define Etiology

A

cause of

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3
Q

An invasion of the body of pathogens, normally numbers are increasing (ex: papercut)

A

infection

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4
Q

Define Disease

A

occurs when an infection causes a change in the state of health

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5
Q

organisms that sometimes show up for a short period of time like a few weeks and then disappear (ex: mold from gardening, if not the right host than the organism moves along)

A

Transient Flora

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6
Q

microorganisms that normally live on us or in us without causing disease under normal conditions (when they are found where they’re supposed to be)

A

Normal Flora

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7
Q

once established, the normal flora prevent overgrowth by harmful bacteria (this is thrown off when one takes antibiotics)

A

microbial antagonism

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8
Q

Define Symbiosis

A

two different species living together

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9
Q

Type of symbiosis:
[win/draw]- host in unaffected & microorganism wins (ex: us and some of the normal flora that live off secretions like some bacteria that live on the cornea and external genitalia)

A

commensalism

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10
Q

Type of symbiosis:
[win/win]- both the host and the microorganism benefit like us and E. coli (E. coli gets a home and we get Vitamin K needed for blood clotting)

A

mutualism

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11
Q

Type of symbiosis:

[win/lose]- the host(us) is harmed and the bacteria benefit like us and Streptococcus pyogenes (causing strep throat)

A

Parasitism

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12
Q

Define Opportunists

A

“Potential Pathogens,” normal flora that do not cause disease in a healthy person when they are confined to their normal habitat

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13
Q

a disease that spreads from host to host, either directly or indirectly (TB, common cold, chickenpox & gonorrhea)

A

communicable disease

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14
Q

communicable diseases that are easily spread (chickenpox or measles)

A

contagious disease

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15
Q

a disease that is NOT spread from host to host (tetanus or a yeast infection after taking antibiotics)

A

noncommunicable disease

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16
Q

a disease that occurs in awhile; rare ( ex: the plague in the U.S.)

A

sporadic disease

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17
Q

a disease that is constantly present in a population (ex: a common cold in the population of students in COM)

A

endemic disease

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18
Q

a disease that occurs in many of a given population in a short period of time (ex: flu)

A

epidemic disease

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19
Q

a disease that develops slowly and lasts a long time or reoccurs (ex: TB & infectious mononucleosis)

A

chronic disease

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20
Q

a disease that comes on fast and is over fast; fast recovery or fast death (ex: common cold, Ebola-w/in 10 days fatal, & flu)

A

acute disease

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21
Q

a disease in which the causative agent is inactive for a time and then becomes active to cause signs and symptoms (ex: shingles- Varicella-Zoster Virus)

A

latent disease

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22
Q

Define local infection

A

infection is limited to one area like a boil

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23
Q

an infection is spread throughout the body usually via blood or lymph like measles

A

systemic infection

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24
Q

an infection spreads from one location to another, like a Staphylococcus infection in a boil spreading to the bone causing osteomyelitis

A

focal infection

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25
Q

Define Bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood

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26
Q

Define Septicema

A

bacteria growing in the blood

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27
Q

Define Toxemia

A

toxins in the blood (like the toxin from tetanus)

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28
Q

Define Viremia

A

viruses in the blood

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29
Q

the first infection, usually an acute infection that causes the initial infection like a cold or the flu

A

Primary infection

30
Q

EMIA means

31
Q

usually an opportunist that comes in following a primary infection, like pneumonia after a cold or flu

A

secondary infection

32
Q

an infection that causes no noticeable signs or symptoms (ex: hepatitis A & polio)

A

sub-clinical infection

33
Q

after effects of a disease like paralysis after polio or deafness after rubella (German measles)

34
Q

organism has become resistant to antibiotic and is growing or growth of an opportunistic pathogen after a broad spectrum antibiotic has been used and killed the target organism

A

superinfection

35
Q

Define Reservoir of Infection

A

the source of the infection (lives and multiples here)

36
Q

Human reservoirs are known as

A

carriers (ex: streptococcal infections, AIDS and Hepatitis)

37
Q

Animal Reservoirs are known as

A

zoonoses (ex: rabies, anthrax, Lyme disease and beef tapeworms)

38
Q

List some examples for nonliving reservoirs

A

(in soil)- botulism; (in water)- cholera

39
Q

Transmission of Disease: Contact:

STDs

A

Direct contact transmission

40
Q

Transmission of Disease: Contact:

Example of an Indirect contact transmission

A

fomite- inanimate object that helps spread disease like a phone or a toy at daycare

41
Q

Transmission of Disease: Contact:

droplets travel less than one meter from reservoir to host

A

droplet transmission

42
Q

Transmission of Disease: Vehicle:

Cholera is an example of what

A

waterborone

43
Q

Transmission of Disease: Vehicle:

food poisoning is an example of what

A

foodborone

44
Q

Transmission of Disease: Vehicle:

measles; tuberculosis is an example of what

45
Q

Transmission of Disease:

Define Vectors

A

usually arthropods; animals that carry pathogens from one host to another

46
Q

Transmission of Disease: Vectors:
passive transport like a fly landing of feces containing Shigella that causes bacillary dysentery and than landing on food

A

mechanical vectors

47
Q

Transmission of Disease: Vectors:
the infectious organism spends part of its life cycle in the biological vector like malaria spread through the bite on a mosquito

A

biological vectors

48
Q

Development of Disease:

organisms are dividing no signs or symptoms, no clue that one is ill, may be contagious

A

period of incubation

49
Q

Development of Disease:
organisms are dividing, general malaise achy, lousy, feeling and usually no distinct signs and symptoms, may be contagious

A

prodromal period

50
Q

Development of Disease:
organisms are dividing characteristics signs and symptoms, may be contagious (death occurs here if not responsive to medical intervention or the body’s defenses doesn’t work)

A

period of illness=clinical stage

51
Q

Development of Disease:

organisms are decreasing, signs and symptoms are decreasing

A

period of decline

52
Q

Development of Disease:

body returns to normal (some diseases can still be spread during this period)

A

period of convalescence

53
Q

Define Epidemology

A

study of diseases, such as how are they spread, who gets them, when do they occur, where do they occur, etc

54
Q

List 3 portals of entry that are possible to get a disease

A

mucous membranes
skin
parenteral route (under skin like bite, puncture wound, suture: injury into the skin)

55
Q

List 5 ways bacteria and viruses stick or adhere

A 
fimbriae (nonmotile appendages)
glycocalyx (slime layer or capsule)
flagella
hooks  (worm parasitic)
suckers (worms parasitic)
56
Q

What does LD 50 mean?

A

is the numbers of microbes that KILL 50% of the test animals (lethal dose for 50% of hosts)

57
Q

What does LD 100 mean?

A

is the number of microbes that KILL 100% of the test animals (lethal dose for 100% of hosts)

58
Q

What does ID 50 mean?

A

is the number of microbes that it takes to INFECT 50% of the test animals (infectious dose for 50% of hosts)

59
Q

What does ID 100 mean?

A

is the number of microbes that it takes to INFECT 100% of the test animals (infectious dose for 100% of hosts)

60
Q

What is the ID 50 of cholera? ID 100?

A

ID 50: 100,000,000

ID 100: 1,000,000,000

61
Q

What is the ID 100 for rabies? TB? Gonorrhea?

A

Rabies: 10 virus particles
TB: 10 bacterial cells
Gonorrhea: 1000 bacterial cells

62
Q

List 5 Nonspecific Immunity

A

Unbroken Skin
Interferon: blocks viral replication; enhancer
Inflammation response: release histamine (swell, heat & pain)
Phagocytosis: WBCs (neutrophils & macrophages) eats
Fever: cuts down free iron, iron-cofactor

63
Q

What is adaptive or specific immunity?

A

normally includes antibodies being made and working against antigens (foreign entities like toxins and microbes)

64
Q

Describe Passive Immunity

A

person receives antibodies from someone else-shorter lasting

65
Q

Describe Active Immunity

A

person makes own antibodies-lasts longer

66
Q

Describe Naturally Acquired for Passive Immunity

A

antibodies passing through the placenta to the fetus or antibodies in breast milk

67
Q

Describe Artificially Acquired for Passive Immunity

A

antibodies given by injection like
-gamma globulin shot before active duty overseas
-immunoglobulin shot for rabies
anti-venom for snake

68
Q

Describe Artificially Acquired for Active Immunity

A

one gets vaccinated for something & makes antibodies and avoids illness

  • flu vaccine
  • polio vaccine
  • any vaccine
69
Q

Describe Naturally Acquired for Active Immunity

A

get disease and recover, for virus: will remain in body for a lifetime (dormant)

  • chickenpox
  • flu
70
Q

Primary stage of Active Immunity

A

expose to antigen (foreign microbe)

-B cells/T helper cells (plasma –> antibodies, ‘5-10 days,’ memory cells dormant)

71
Q

Secondary stage of Active Immunity

A

faster due to memory cells: plasma cells –> antibodies, ‘1-3 days’

Microbiology (20 decks)

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