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Microbiology > Micro Ex 2: Medias & Metabolism > Flashcards

Micro Ex 2: Medias & Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of medias?

A

selective & differentiate

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2
Q

selective means

A

to choose

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3
Q

differentiate means

A

to compare

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of Hemolysis?

A

beta-hemolysis, alpha-hemolysis & gamma-hemolysis

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5
Q

define beta-hemolysis

A

complete hemolysis:produces a toxin destroys blood cells

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6
Q

define alpha hemolysis

A

partial hemolysis

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7
Q

define gamma hemolysis

A

no hemolysis: no change in blood cells

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8
Q

define hemolysis

A

blood cell lysising (splitting/dividing)

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9
Q

What type of agar is in the blood agar/hemolysis?

A

sterile sheep agar

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10
Q

Describe the appearance of beta hemolysis?

A

clear

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11
Q

Describe the appearance of alpha hemolysis?

A

green

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12
Q

Describe the appearance of gamma hemolysis?

A

Remains color of the blood agar

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of Staph common on people?

A

Staphylococcus aureus & Staphylococcus epidermidis

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14
Q

What stain color is the Staphylococcus aureus?

A

yellow

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15
Q

What stain color is the Staphylococcus epidermidis?

A

pink

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16
Q

Example of both selective & differentiate media.

A

mannitol salt agar

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17
Q

What is the NaCl percentage for mannitol salt agar?

A

7.5%

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18
Q

True or False: mannitol salt agar inhibits bacteria

A

true

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19
Q

Is Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar a selective or differentiate media?

A

selective

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20
Q

True or false: the Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar does not inhibit bacteria?

A

false

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21
Q

What is the pH of Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar?

A

5.6

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolisms?

A

catabolism & anabolism

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23
Q

Define catabolism

A

breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

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24
Q

Define anabolism

A

building small molecules into larger molecules

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25
Q

name some examples of catabolism

A

the digestive system, glycolysis & krebs cycle

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26
Q

name some examples of anabolism

A

DNA synthesis, DNA replication & protein synthesis

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27
Q

list the 6 classes of enzymes (S.H.I.T.L.O)

A

synthetase=polymerase=ligase; hydrolase; transferase; isomerase; lyase; oxidoreductase

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28
Q

Classes of enzymes: moves a functional group between molecules

A

transferase

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29
Q

Classes of enzymes: causes a double bond to break or to form

A

lyase

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30
Q

Classes of enzymes: rearranges the atoms within a molecule

A

isomerase

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31
Q

Classes of enzymes: causes the loss or gain of Hydrogen and/or electrons

A

oxidoreductase

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32
Q

Classes of enzymes: breaks large molecules into smaller ones, by adding water

A

Hydrolase

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33
Q

Classes of enzymes: builds small molecules into larger molecules

A

Sythetase=polymerase=ligase

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34
Q

describe synthetase

A

synthesis

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35
Q

describe polymerase

A

chains of repeating units

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36
Q

Give an example of a polymerase

A

glycogen (glucose=monomer)

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37
Q

describe ligase

A

2 things combined together

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38
Q

What happens when there is less potential energy?

A

oxidation is loss

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39
Q

What happens when there is more potential energy?

A

reduction is gain

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40
Q

Oxidation is

A

loss

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41
Q

Reduction is

A

gain

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42
Q

What are the 2 elements of an organic molecule?

A

Carbon & Hydrogen

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43
Q

FADH2 –>

A

FAD

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44
Q

C6H12O6 –>

A

CO2

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45
Q

Give 2 examples of C6H12O6

A

glucose, fructose or galactose

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46
Q

NADH –>

A

NAD

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47
Q

What is usable energy?

A

ATP

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48
Q

What is potential energy?

A

NADH

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49
Q

Define substrate

A

the molecule(s) that is changed by the enzyme

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50
Q

Describe enzymes

A
  • usually proteins (complicated, delicate, unique 3D structures)
  • biological catalysts
  • reused
  • usually ends in “-ase”
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51
Q

Define catalyst

A

speeds up reaction

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52
Q

define enzyme helpers

A

attach to the enzyme & complete the shape

alter it then substrate can attach

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53
Q

When the enzyme helpers fail what happens to metabolism?

A

it decreases because the shape wasn’t completed or altered therefore it can’t connect with substrate

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54
Q

Describe cofactor

A

inorganic minerals

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55
Q

Give examples of a cofactor

A

calcium & magnesium

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56
Q

describe coenzyme

A

organic vitamin

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57
Q

Give examples of a coenzyme

A

Vitamin B12 & folic acid

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58
Q

Give an example of an activation energy

A

CO2 in H2O –> carbonic acid & hydrogen ions
Activation energy is higher & reaction itself is slower outside the body (7up). Inside our RBC’s have enzymes that catalyze this process using less activation energy

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59
Q

Describe the graph of enzyme activity & temperature

A

10C= not denatured; 37C=optimal; 50*C= denatured

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60
Q

Describe the graph of enzyme activity & pH

A

pH 0= denatured; pH 7= optimal; pH 10(+)= denatured

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61
Q

Describe the graph of enzyme activity & concentration

A

Ex: lactase –> lactose (start with lactase add bits of lactose to reach saturation point)

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62
Q

Describe saturation

A

completely covered or supplying so much of something that no more is wanted

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63
Q

What happens right after ~P?

A

Production of ATP

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64
Q

What class of enzymes is pyruvate kinase?

A

transferase

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65
Q

What class of enzymes is aldose?

A

lyase

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66
Q

List Products of Glycolysis

A

2 pyruvic acids, 2 NADH, 2ATP

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67
Q

List the reactants of Intermediate Step

A

2 pyruvic acids

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68
Q

List the products of Intermediate Step

A 
2 CO2(waste; oxidized)
2 NADH (reduced)
2 Acetyl-CoA
69
Q

List the reactants of Krebs Cycle

A

2 Acetyl-CoA(2C)

70
Q

List the products of Krebs Cycle

A 
6 NADH(reduced)
2 FADH2(reduced)
4 CO2(waste)
2 ATP
71
Q

List the reactants of Electron Transport Chain

A 
all NADH(10)
all FADH2(2)
O2
72
Q

List the products of Electron Transport Chain

A

34 ATP

H2O

73
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in ETC?

A

O2

74
Q

Krebs Cycle in Eukaryotes takes place in the?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

75
Q

Krebs Cycle in Prokaryotes takes place in the?

A

Cytoplasm

76
Q

ETC in Eukaryotes takes place in the?

A

Mitochondrial Cristae

77
Q

ETC in Prokaryotes takes place in the?

A

Cell Membrane

78
Q

In the ETC O2 if needed 1 NADH equals how many ATP; 1 FADH2 equals how many ATP?

A

1 NADH –> 3 ATP

1 FADH2 –> 2 ATP

79
Q

Calculating Energy: How many ATP is produced in Glycolysis?

A

6 ATP (because 2 NADH x 3 = 6)

80
Q

Calculating Energy: How many ATP is produced in Intermediate Step?

A

6 ATP (because of 2 NADH x 3 = 6)

81
Q

Calculating Energy: How many ATP is produced in the Krebs Cycle?

A

22 ATP (because of 6 NADH x 3 = 18; 2 FADH2 x 2 = 4)

82
Q

Calculating Energy: How many ATP total is produced in the ETC?

A

34 ATP (6 ATP: GLycolysis + 6 ATP: Int. Step + 22 ATP: Krebs Cycle = 34 ATP total)

83
Q

Why is blood red?

A

the iron hemoglobin holds iron w/in RBC’s

84
Q

What grows on blood agar?

A

everything

85
Q

Which media loses RBC’s?

A

beta hemolysis

86
Q

Does bacteria grow on Gamma Hemolysis? Explain

A

yes; no change in RBC’s, where colony is changed

87
Q

Which hemolysis is the one we want in us?

A

Gamma Hemolysis

88
Q

Where is Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar often used?

A

the industries

89
Q

Which media compares and contrasts between types of microbes?

A

differential media

90
Q

Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar is selective for?

A

fungi

91
Q

What does acid do?

A

makes pH drop

92
Q

What is the pH indicator?

A

Phenol Red

93
Q

Mannitol Salt Agar starts out what color?

A

Red

94
Q

When pH drops what color is the MSA?

A

yellow

95
Q

What bacteria grows on MSA rapidly and changes the color to “yellow”?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

96
Q

If the MSA is pink what kind of Staph is it?

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

97
Q

Is streptococcus a halophile?

A

no

98
Q

Define metabolism

A

all chemical reactions in living cells & organisms

99
Q

Describe catabolism in glycolysis

A

glucose broken down to pyruvate

100
Q

Food molecules will have C & H together unless they are what?

A

Photosynthetic organism

101
Q

What makes NADH, FADH2 & C6H12O6 reduced?

A

Has hydrogens

102
Q

NADH is what derivative?

A

Niacin derivative

103
Q

FADH2 is what derivative?

A

Riboflavin derivative

104
Q

How do we get energy from ATP?

A

by breaking high energy phosphate (~P) bonds

105
Q

What has more calories, hydrogens & potential energy than carbs?

A

fats

106
Q

Name 2 enzyme helpers

A

cofactor & coenzyme

107
Q

What is a catalystic site?

A

active site where an enzyme fits with a substrate

108
Q

What needs to be presented at he catalytic/active site inorder for an enzyme to fit w/ a substrate?

A

cofactor and/or coenzyme

109
Q

Define holioenzyme

A

enzyme w/ a cofactor and/or coenzyme needed

110
Q

Define apoenzyme

A

enzyme w/o a cofactor or coenzyme; cant work alone

111
Q

Which are larger Enzymes or Substrates? Explain

A

Enzymes b/c they are big proteins

112
Q

Define flat lining (graph for enzyme activity and concentration)

A

when you have more substrates than enzymes

113
Q

Define Negative Feedback Inhibition

A

Excess product inhibits pathway

  • by binding on an enzyme in the pathway
  • changing shape and blocking the pathway
114
Q

When does Negative Feedback happen?

A

early on in the pathway

115
Q

How many steps can pathways be?

A

any number of steps

116
Q

When should a pathway be stopped?

A

When theres excess products not being used

117
Q

Give an example of a pathway & # of steps.

A

Glycolysis-10

118
Q

How is a pathway stopped?

A
  • a product attaches to an earlier enzyme in the pathway
  • inhibiting the substrate from changing shape
  • moves along the path
119
Q

When does the pathway start again after it has been stopped?

A

when there’s no longer enough product

120
Q

Why are pathways stopped?

A
  • cells want to make maximum use of Rx’s

- waste of products when it could be used for other Rx’s

121
Q

When do we want a pathway to continue?

A

when the product is being used as its made

122
Q

Which 2 mechanisms can turn a pathway on and off?

A
  • a product attaching to an early enzyme

- genetic control

123
Q

What kind of molecule is pyruvate?

A

3 carbon molecule

124
Q

Describe glucose as a molecule structurally

A
  • 6 C sugar
  • C1: Aldehyde group
  • lots of OH groups
125
Q

The aldehyde group on glucose is also known as what?

A

Terminal Carbonyl

126
Q

Kinase moves what functional group between molecules?

A

phosphate groups

127
Q

Which enzyme moves the phosphate off ATP onto the Glucose 6-phosphate?

A

Hexokinase

128
Q

Where does the phosphate come from on the 1st carbon in glycolysis?

A

ATP

129
Q

What stages of glycolysis do we spend ATP? A total of how many spent?

A

Step 1 & 3; total of 2 ATP

130
Q

What are the functional groups on Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate & their location?

A

1st C: Ketone group
3rd C: Phosphate group
2nd C:OH group

131
Q

What is the most common pathway?

A

Glycolysis

132
Q

What pathway is used by a lot of bacteria & cyanobacteria?

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

133
Q

What types of Rx is Pentose Phosphate Pathway used for?

A

Anabolic Rx

134
Q

In pentose phosphate pathway, what substrate does it start with?

A

glucose

135
Q

What is ribose used for?

A

used when cells need to make nucleotides

136
Q

Bacteria that modifies ribose nucleotides changes ribose to what?

A

Deoxyribose

137
Q

What is the Calvin-Benson Cycle of photosynthesis?

A

DArk reaction in photosynthesis

138
Q

What uses the Calvin-Benson/Dark Reaction of photosynthesis?

A

Cyanobacterium

139
Q

What is the purpose of Calvin-Benson Cycle?

A
  • fixing carbon sugars to make glucose
  • make bigger sugars(6-C sugars)
  • used to make nucleotides
140
Q

Which pathway does cells make nucleotides?

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

141
Q

What pathway do cells use if they need to make amino acids?

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

142
Q

So, Pentose Phosphate Pathway is use for what?

A

making nucleotides and amino acids

143
Q

What is the universal pathway?

A

Glycolysis

144
Q

Aside from Pentose Phosphate Pathway, what is the other alternative pathway?

A

Entner-Douoroff Pathway

145
Q

Entner-Douoroff Pathway: what bacteria is used in this pathway?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

146
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: what is the Gram stain & shape?

A

Gram (-)

rod

147
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: where does it live?

A

unusual & harsh environments

148
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: have unusual enzymes that does what?

A

break down caustic organic molecules to make food

149
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: what do they use for food?

A

caustic organic molecules

150
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: why is it used in warm water for oil spills?

A

metabolize oil quickly

151
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: why is it not used in cold water –> Alaska?

A

metabolism is slow

152
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: why is it pathogenic to us?

A

likes body temperature: 37*C

153
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: name an example of where they live.

A

artificial nails

154
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: why is it a big problem in healthcare?

A

it breaks down disinfectants & breaks down/consumes antibiotics

155
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: give example of who could die from this bacteria when infected right away.

A
  • newborns
  • people in ICU
  • people w/ comprised immunity
156
Q

What do some yeast do with pyruvic acid?

A

produces CO2 & Ethenol (drinkable alcohol)

157
Q

What is the film outside of grapes? What is its purpose?

A

Film-yeast

Purpose-ferments sugars & produces waste(CO2) & Ethenol

158
Q

What makes the big holes in swiss cheese?

A

CO2 thats accumulated

159
Q

What does Clostridium produce?

A

Acetone & Isoproponal (rubbing alcohol)

160
Q

What is the product of making vinegar?

A

acetic acid

161
Q

Is fermentation anaerobic or aerobic?

A

anaerobic

162
Q

Is energy(ATP) produced in fermentation?

A

No (only 2 ATP from Glycolysis)

163
Q

List 4 possible fermentation products. The products are called what?

A 
Lactic Acid
Ethanol 
CO2
Acetic Acid
(Diagnostic)
164
Q

What is phosphorylation & where do phosphates come from?

A

Phosphorylation-makes ATP

Phosphates comes from substrates

165
Q

Phosphorylation: what is the source of the phosphates?

A

inorganic phosphates just floating around

166
Q

Phosphorylation: what is the source of energy?

A

H+

proton gradient

167
Q

Phosphorylation: where does it take place?

A

on a membrane (inner membrane of mitochondria)

168
Q

Phosphorylation: make ATP’s using what?

A

sunlight

169
Q

Phosphorylation: what kind of phosphates are used?

A

inorganic phosphates

Microbiology (20 decks)

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