Professional Practice Flashcards
includes research designs, sampling methods, EBP levels of evidence, ICF international classification, epidemiology, and standardized testing
norm-referenced
- always standardized
- compare individual performance to group standard
- compare persons that are same age, grade, etc.
- assess individual performance to the “norm”
criterion-referenced
- may or may not be standardized
- determines individual mastery of particular skills
- identify what a client can or cannot do
- no group performance comparison
standardized testing
standard set of procedures for administering/scoring (usually norm-referenced)
standard “z” score
how many standard deviations raw score is from the mean
percentile rank
percent of people scoring at or below a certain score
null hypothesis
no statistical difference/relationship between groups among variables
raw scores
actual scores earned
standard deviation
extent to which scores deviate from the mean or average score
validity
degree that an assessment measures what is supposed to measure
face
test looks like it assesses what it says it does
content
actual content assesses what it says it does
construct
measures a predetermined theoretical construct
criterion
established by external criteria
concurrent
degree to which new test correlates with an estimated test of known validity
predictive
accuracy in which a test predicts future performance on related task
reliability
consistency and stability in varying contexts
test-retest
stability across multiple administrations with same group
split-half
internal consistency of a test
rater reliability
intra-rater (same person), inter-rater (different person)
alternate form
multiple forms of test provide same results
between-subject designs
performances of separate groups of subjects are measured and comparisons are then made between the 2 groups
between-subject designs: subject randomization
each subject has equal probability of being assigned to either the experimental or control group
between-subject designs: subject matching
experimenter purposely attempts to match members of 2 groups based on all extraneous variables relevant to the experiment
within-subject designs
- performance of same group is compared in different conditions and/or in different situations
- sequencing effect may occur
within-subject designs: subject randomization
presentation of the experimental treatment conditions to the subjects in random order
within-subject designs: counterbalancing
technique that enables researcher to be able to control and measure sequencing effects by testing different participants in different orders
sequencing effect
may occur when subjects participate in several conditions (i.e., subjects participation in an earlier condition may affect their performance in subsequent)
A-B-A design
- establish a baseline condition (A)
- introduce treatment of intervention to effect some sort of change (B)
- remove treatment to see if return to baseline (A)
A-B-A-B design
- establish a baseline condition (A)
- introduce treatment of intervention to effect some sort of change (B)
- remove the treatment (second A)
- re-introduce the treatment (second B)
sampling method
a technique of selecting individuals or a group of individuals from a population to use in research studies (probability and non-probability samples)
probability samples
- simple random sampling
- systematic sampling
- stratified random sampling
- cluster sampling
- multistage sampling
simple random sampling
every member of population chosen randomly and has an equal chance
systematic sampling
sample members are chosen at regular intervals every nth member
stratified random sampling
population divided into subgroups before random selection
cluster sampling
population divided into clusters based on demographics (e.g., location)
multistage sampling
every member of population chosen randomly and has an equal chance
non-probability samples
- purposive sampling
- convenience sampling
purposive sampling
specific individuals are chosen to participate
convenience sampling
depends on ease of access and proximity
informed clinical decisions
- internal clinical evidence
- external research evidence
- patient preferences
key steps of EBP
- frame clinical question
- find the evidence
- assess the evidence
- make clinical decision
credibility of evidence: level I
- systematic review/meta-analysis of all relevant RCTs
- 3+ good quality randomized controlled trials with similar results
credibility of evidence: level II
1+ well designed randomized controlled trial/s
credibility of evidence: level III
well designed non-randomized quasi-experimental studies
credibility of evidence: level IV
well designed case-control or cohort studies
credibility of evidence: level V
systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies
credibility of evidence: level VI
single descriptive or qualitative study
credibility of evidence: level VII
expert opinion and/or reports of expert committees
ICF
- international classification of functioning, disability, and health
- developed by World Health Organization (WHO) and published in 2001
ICF is the classification framework…
to guide clinical practice
- helps to target person-centered functional goals to maximize outcomes and experiences
ICF: health condition
disorder or disease
ICF: activities and participation
activity limitations and participation restrictions
ICF: environmental factors
within individuals life, influence experiences
ICF: body functions and structures
anatomy and physiology
epidemiology
- study of factors that determine prevalence and incidence of diseases
- may provide useful information for cause or guidance for treatment/recovery
prevalence
- how widespread a disorder is in the current population
- number of individuals with a particular disease/disorder at a given time
- ex: assessment of overall burden of condition on a population
incidence
- rate of individual who developed a disease/disorder
- occurrence of new cases, typically reported within a given time
- ex: new cases per year
ICD system
- International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
- provides standard, international guidelines for coding and recording diseases and health problems
- standard classification system; developed by WHO; ICD-10
etiology
study of the cause and/or origin of diseases
