Articulation and Phonology Flashcards
including classifying errors, speech sound disorders, phonological processes, substitutions processes, syllable structure processes,
error classification
- SODA errors
- distinctive features
- phonological processes
traditional SODA errors
substitutions, omissions, distortions, additions
distinctive features
voice, place, manner
phonological processes
substitution, assimilation, syllable structure
articulation: motor, phonetic
how speech sounds are made
- movement of muscles/structures to create sound
- involves contact between articulator muscles and structures, airflow obstruction and constriction, velopharyngeal closure
phonology: language, phonemic
language rules governing speech sounds
- speech error patterns used to simplify speech
- processes occurring at the perceptual level
- many are developmentally appropriate
- types of processes: substitution, syllable structure, assimilation
articulation disorders
- difficulty producing 1 or more sounds with no pattern or rule present
- motor-based errors: difficulty making/maintaining contact between 2 articulators, constricting airflow, velopharyngeal timing
- child not able to produce a particular sound
- SODA errors
articulation disorders: etiology
- organic (known physical cause)
- functional (no known physical cause)
articulation disorder: phonetic analysis
- sounds that child uses (correct and incorrect)
- sounds and sound classes present/absent
phonological disorders
- difficulty acquiring phonological system: patterns of errors
- language-based errors
- becomes a disorder when errors persist beyond typical age of elimination or if atypical process: backing, initial consonant deletion
- child is able to make sounds correctly, but uses them in incorrectly (e.g., wrong position)
phonological disorders: etiology
- hearing loss
- disorders of unknown etiology
phonological disorders: phonemic analysis
- sounds that child uses correctly
- compared to adult model
stimulability testing
tests if individual is able to imitate correct production
intervention of speech sound disorders: phonetic
stimulus –> response –> feedback and knowledge of results
interventions of speech sound disorders: phonemic
stimulus –> response –> feedback and positive reinforcement
phonetic: motor learning feedback
- treat only sounds that are stimulable
- client has underlying knowledge of the phoneme but exhibits a surface error
- tx should begin with syllables and words first, then move to sentences and conversations
motor learning feedback: isolation sound teaching
- shaping
- imitation
- phonetic placement
- contextual facilitation
isolation sound teaching: shaping
teaching isolated parts of a phoneme/shaping from sound already in inventory
isolation sound teaching: imitation
using imitation/modeling
isolation sound teaching: phonetic placement
- used to elicit sound
- verbal instruction, illustrations, feedback
isolation sound teaching: contextual facilitation
target sounds produced correctly on an inconsistent basis
phonemic: operant conditioning
- treat only sounds that are not stimulable, absent from inventory and are later developing
- treatment of voiced obstruents (since they may facilitate acquisition of voiceless obstruents)
operant conditioning: minimal pairs
pairs that differ in meaning based on a difference of one feature (e.g., sun –> tun)
operant conditioning: multiple opisitions
multiple targets that differ based on a single feature (e.g., go –> low, show, toe, mow)
operant conditioning: maximal pairs
pairs that differ on several features (i.e., manner, voicing, place)
treatment selection: phonetic
- generally intelligible
- stimulable sounds
- few errors
- early developing
treatment selection: phonemic
- generally unintelligible
- non-stimulable
- many errors
- later developing
substitution processes
a sound is substituted with another sound in a systematic way
substitution processes: examples
- gliding
- fronting
- stopping
- depalatalization
- deaffrication
- backing
- vowelization
- labialization
gliding
- substitution of a liquid (l, r) for a glide (w, y)
- ex: leg –> weg
- age eliminated: 6 years
fronting
- a front consonant used in place of a back consonant
- ex: cop –> top
- age eliminated: 3.5-4 years
stopping
- a stop consonant used in place of a fricative/affricate
- ex: fan –> pan
- age eliminated: 4.5 years
depalatalization
- a non palatal is used in place of a palatal
- ex: fish –> fit
- age eliminated: 5 years
deaffication
- a non affricate used in place of an affricate
- ex: chair –> share
- age eliminated: 4 years
backing
- a back sound is used in place of a front sound
- ex: dog –> gog
- age eliminated: atypical
vowelization
- a vowel is used in place of “l” or “er”
- ex: paper –> papo
assimilation processes
a sound changes to become more like another sound in the word
assimilation processes: examples
- reduplication
- denasalization
- prevocalic voicing
- coalescence
reduplication
- repetition of complete/incomplete syllables
- ex: water –> wawa
- age eliminated: 3 years
denasalization
- nasal consonant is replaced by a non nasal
- ex: nose –> boze
- age eliminated: 2.5 years
prevocalic voicing
- voiceless consonant replaced by a voiced
- ex: cup –> gup
- age eliminated: 6 years
coalescence
- 2 phonemes are substituted with a different phoneme (1 phoneme), that has similar features
- ex: spoon –> foon
syllable structure processes
sound change that affect the syllable structure of a word
syllable structure processes: example
- cluster reduction
- weak syllable deletion
- epenthesis
- final consonant deletion
- initial consonant deletion
- metathesis
cluster reduction
- consonant cluster reduced to singleton
- ex: stop –> top
- age eliminated: 5 years
weak syllable reduction
- weak syllable in word is omitted
- ex: banana –> nana
- age eliminated: 4 years
epenthesis
- sound is added between 2 consonants (typically /ʌ/)
- ex: blue –> bʌlue
- age eliminated: 8 years
final consonant deletion
- final consonant in word is omitted
- ex: nose –> no
- age eliminated: 3 years
initial consonant deletion
- initial consonant in word is omitted
- ex: farm –> arm
- age eliminated: atypical
metathesis
- 2 consonants within a syllable are reordered
- ex: cup –> puck
- age eliminated: atypical
