Foundations

Question 1

extralinguistic components

Answer 1

• metalinguistic
• paralinguistic
• nonlinguistic

Question 2

components of communication

Answer 2

• extralinguistic
• speech
• language

Question 3

metalinguistic

Answer 3

study of language and relationship with other behaviors

Question 4

paralinguistic

Answer 4

communication aspects that are not words (i.e., gestures)

Question 5

nonlinguistic

Answer 5

sounds not relating to language (i.e., laughing)

Question 6

speech components

Answer 6

• respiration
• phonation
• resonation
• articulation

Question 7

language components

Answer 7

• form
• content
• use

Question 8

form includes…

Answer 8

• phonology
• syntax
• morphology

Question 9

phonology

Answer 9

• sounds
• no meaning attributed to individual sounds

Question 10

syntax

Answer 10

• word order
• words strung together to form sentences

Question 11

morphology

Answer 11

• word endings
• phonemes strings, smallest unit of meaning

Question 12

content includes…

Answer 12

semantics

Question 13

semantics

Answer 13

• word meanings
• morphemes that are strung together to form words
• vocabulary and word definitions

Question 14

use includes

Answer 14

pragmatics

Question 15

pragmatics

Answer 15

• social rules
• language rules and how we use language
• code switching and situational language

Question 16

respiration

Answer 16

• power and energy for speech
• 2 phases: inhalation and exhalation

Question 17

inhalation

Answer 17

• diaphragm contracts and air rushes into lungs
• abdomen expands and then chest expands

Question 18

exhalation

Answer 18

diaphragm relaxes forcing air back out of lungs

Question 19

phonation

Answer 19

• rapid vibration of vocal folds
• creates acoustic energy (i.e., voice)

Question 20

phonation: pitch

Answer 20

frequency of vibration

Question 21

phonation: loudness

Answer 21

intensity of the sound

Question 22

phonation: quality

Answer 22

the sound quality of the voice

Question 23

resonation

Answer 23

• modification of the voice by various cavities and structures
• pharynx, nasopharynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity

Question 24

articulation

Answer 24

• redefining and manipulating phonation into distinct sounds
• lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, tongue, hard palate, soft palate/velum

Question 25

acoustics

Answer 25

branch of physics that studies properties of sound

Question 26

inertia

Answer 26

resistance when force is exerted upon an object

Question 27

elasticity

Answer 27

tendency for an object to return to its original state

Question 28

cycle

Answer 28

• each individual vibration
• period and frequency

Question 29

amplitude (A)

Answer 29

• maximum displacement of particles in a medium
• perceptually related to intensity/loudness, not 1:1 relationship

Question 30

frequency (F)

Answer 30

• rate at which object vibrates: number of cycles in 1 second (Hz)
• perceptually related to pitch, not 1:1 relationship

Question 31

period (T)

Answer 31

• amount of time required for 1 complete cycle
• need period of wave to figure out the frequency

Question 32

pure tones

Answer 32

• has only 1 frequency
• sinusoidal motion or simple harmonic motion

Question 33

sine waves

Answer 33

periodic, cycles will repeat themselves identically

Question 34

complex periodic waves

Answer 34

• complex = more than 1 frequency present
• periodic = the complex pattern repeats over time

Question 35

complex aperiodic waves

Answer 35

• complex = more than 1 frequency present
• aperiodic = no cyclical or pattern behavior

Question 36

fundamental frequency (F0)

Answer 36

lowest pure tone component of sound

Question 37

partials/overtones

Answer 37

all other frequencies present in a sound (excluding fundamental)

Question 38

harmonics

Answer 38

1st harmonic - F0 –> 2nd harmonic - 2(F0) –> 3rd harmonic - 3(F0)