Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NESPA Studying Guides > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

includes anatomical terms, nervous system, the human brain, neuroanatomy, blood supply, connecting fibers, cranial nerves, and head and neck

1
Q

nerves

A

axons bound together by connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

tracts

A
  • group of fibers inside the CNS
  • spinal tracts carry info up/down the
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

afferent

A
  • sensory nerves
  • signal comes up from sensory organ via nerve to brain (arrives)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pyramidal

A
  • tracts originate in the cerebral cortex
  • carry fibers to spinal cord/brainstem
  • voluntary control (body and face muscles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

extrapyramidal tracts

A
  • tracts originate in brainstem
  • carry fibers to spinal cord
  • involuntary and automatic control (tone, balance, posture, etc.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

upper motor neurons (UMN)

A
  • found in cerebral cortex/brainstem
  • transmit nerve impulses from brain to lower motor neurons (LMN)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

lower motor neuron (LMN)

A
  • found in brainstem/spinal cord
  • transmit nerve impulses from upper motor neurons (UMN) to muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

corticospinal

A
  • synapse/terminate in spinal cord
  • controls movements in limbs and trunk
  • corticospinal, *think spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

corticobulbar

A
  • synapse/terminate in brainstem
  • controls muscles of face, head, and neck
  • corticobulbar, *think brainstem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

unilateral

A

one side innervating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

bilateral

A

both sides innervating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

proximal

A

near given position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

distal

A

away from give position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

anterior

A

in front of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

posterior

A

behind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

superior

A

above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

inferior

A

below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rostral

A

front, towards the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

caudal

A

back, towards the tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

central nervous system (CNS) includes…

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes…

A

all other nerves that are not in brain/spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sensory (afferent)

A

impulses go up (arrive) to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

motor (efferent)

A

impulses go down (exit) from CNS to muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

somatic

A
  • voluntary
  • skeletal muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

autonomic

A
  • involuntary
  • cardiac and smooth muscles, glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

autonomic system includes…

A
  • parasympathetic division
  • sympathetic division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

parasympathetic division

A

controls body functions at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

sympathetic division

A

fight, flight, or freeze response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

major divisions of the brain

A
  1. forebrain
  2. midbrain
  3. hindbrain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

forebrain includes…

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

midbrain includes…

A

mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

hindbrain includes…

A
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

forebrain functions

A

processes sensory information, reasoning/problem solving, automatic, motor functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex divided into 4 major lobes
1. frontal
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

diencephalon

A
  • connects endocrine with nervous system
  • thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

midbrain

A
  • regulates movement, processes auditory and visual information
  • connects forebrain to the hindbrain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

2 main parts of the midbrain

A
  1. tectum
  2. paired cerebral peduncles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

hindbrain functions

A

regulates autonomic functions, balance, equilibrium, relay of sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

metencephalon includes…

A

pons and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

myelencephalon includes…

A

medula oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

cerebrum: location

A

front area of skull, composed of 2 hemispheres (left/right)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

cerebrum: function

A
  • “thinking portion” of brain
  • most complex cognitive functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

brainstem: location

A
  • base of brain-cerebrum juncture + spinal cord
  • midbrain, pons, and medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

brainstem: function

A

automatic reflexes/vegetative functions (e.g., breathing, heart rate, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

cerebellum: location

A

hangs off back of brainstem under occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

cerebellum: function

A
  • voluntary movements
  • balance, coordination, posture, attention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

medulla: location

A

lower portion of brainstem, below pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

medulla: function

A

regulates respiration, heart rate + reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

pons: location

A

middle portion of the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

pons: function

A

attachment between cerebellum and rest of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

midbrain: location

A

upper (superior) most part of brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

midbrain: function

A

houses substantia nigra (production of neurotransmitter - dopamine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

basal ganglia: location

A
  • deep within the cerebral hemispheres (either side of the thalamus)
  • telencephalon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

basal ganglia: function

A

fine-tunes voluntary body movements, motor coordination, posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

spinal cord: location

A
  • housed within bony vertebral column
  • PNS begins here
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

spinal cord: function

A

allows afferent impulses to transmit to brain + efferent from brain to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

thalamus: location

A
  • top of brainstem
  • core of diencephalon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

thalamus: function

A

relay center for sensory signals, and also motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

hypothalamus: location

A
  • below thalamus
  • posterior to optic chiasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

hypothalamus: function

A

homeostasis, regulates hunger/thirst, pain/pleasure, anger/aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

hippocampus: location

A

within inferior and medical section of temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

hippocampus: function

A

responsible for new memories, emotions, spatial navigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

amygdala: location

A

nuclei located within temporal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

amygdala: function

A

responsible for emotions, arousal, motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Heschl’s gyrus: location

A

Brodmann’s area 41

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Heschl’s gyrus: function

A

auditory processing/sensory hearing area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

angular gyrus: location

A

Brodmann’s area 39

70
Q

angular gyrus: function

A

involved in semantic processing, language, and cognition

71
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • # 44
  • motor speech area, speech production
72
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • # 22
  • language comprehension area
  • processing
73
Q

primary visual area

A
  • # 17
  • visual processing area
74
Q

primary sensory area

A
  • # 1, 2, 3
  • somatic sensations processing area
75
Q

primary motor area

A
  • # 4
  • planning + execution of movements
76
Q

left hemisphere

A
  • language dominant hemisphere
  • damage = aphasia
77
Q

right hemisphere

A
  • supporting language hemisphere
  • damage = higher-order language and perceptual damage
78
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • primary motor area, controls executive function + motor
  • Broca’s area (speech production), memory, attention, motivation
79
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • auditory processing and comprehension
  • Wernicke’s area (language comprehension/processing), memory
80
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • sensory motor area
  • spatial reasoning, math, reading, hearing, smell, taste, touch
81
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • visual area
  • receives visual cues from opposite visual field, color identification
82
Q

circle of willis

A

connects the internal carotid and vertebral/basilar system

83
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

extends upward and forward from internal carotid artery

84
Q

anterior cerebral artery: blood supply

A

frontal and parietal lobes, basal ganglia, and corpus collosum

85
Q

anterior cerebral artery: stroke in ACA

A

opposite leg weakness

86
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

largest branch of internal carotid

87
Q

middle cerebral artery: blood supply

A

Broca and Wernicke, temporal lobe, and primary motor cortex

88
Q

middle cerebral artery: stroke in MCA

A

MCA is the artery that is most often occluded in a stroke

89
Q

posterior cerebral artery

A

stem from basilar artery (in most people)

90
Q

posterior cerebral artery: blood supply

A

occipital lobes, cerebellum, and inferior temporal

91
Q

posterior cerebral artery: stroke in PCA

A

usually 2 to embolism from lower segments of vertebral heart

92
Q

white matter

A

3 primary types in the CNS
1. association fibers
2. commissural fibers
3. projection fibers

93
Q

association fibers

A
  • intra hemispheric (within the same hemisphere)
  • connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within same hemispheres
94
Q

commissural fibers

A
  • inter hemispheric (connects right and left hemispheres)
  • interconnect identical and corresponding areas of 2 cerebral hemispheres
95
Q

projection fibers

A
  • fibers that leave cerebral white matter
  • connect cerebral cortex to the brainstem and below
96
Q

CN I

A
  • olfactory
  • sensory
  • smell
  • origin: cerebral hemispheres
97
Q

CN II

A
  • optic
  • sensory
  • vision
  • origin: thalamus
98
Q

CN III

A
  • oculomotor
  • motor
  • pupil, eye movement
  • origin: midbrain
99
Q

CN IV

A
  • trochlear
  • motor
  • eye movement (down and in)
  • origin: midbrain
100
Q

CN V

A
  • trigeminal
  • mixed
  • somatic sensation: face, lips, and jaw
  • muscles of mastication
  • origin: pons
101
Q

CN VI

A
  • abducens
  • motor
  • eye movement (side and out)
  • origin: pons
102
Q

CN VII

A
  • facial
  • mixed
  • taste: anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • lips and facial movement, expression
  • origin: pons
103
Q

CN VIII

A
  • vestibulocochlear
  • sensory
  • hearing and balance
  • origin: pons, medulla
104
Q

CN IX

A
  • glossopharyngeal
  • mixed
  • taste: posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • pharynx movement (superior portion)
  • origin: medulla
105
Q

CN X

A
  • vagus
  • mixed
  • sensation of larynx, pharynx, abdominal muscles
  • larynx, pharynx, and velum movement
  • origin: medulla
106
Q

CN XI

A
  • accessory
  • motor
  • shoulder and neck muscles, also assists vagus nerve movement
  • origin: medulla, spinal cord
107
Q

CN XII

A
  • glossopharyngeal
  • motor
  • tongue movement
  • origin: medulla
108
Q

6 cranial nerves important for speech

A
  1. CN V trigeminal
  2. CN VII facial
  3. CN IX glossopharyngeal
  4. CN X vagus
  5. CN XI acessory
  6. CN XII hypoglossal
109
Q

CN V trigeminal: motor

A
  • muscles of mastication
  • elevation of hyoid and larynx
110
Q

CN V trigeminal: sensory

A
  • face sensation (forehead/cheek/chin)
  • position of bolus in mouth/cheeks
  • oral mucosa, teeth, and gums sensation
111
Q

CN VII facial: motor

A
  • facial expression muscles
  • shape, motion, and seal of lips
  • tone and movement of cheeks
  • elevation of hyoid
112
Q

CN VII facial: sensory

A
  • taste sensation (anterior 2/3 tongue)
  • face/oral cavity/soft palate sensation
  • stimulates salivary glands
113
Q

CN IX glossopharyngeal: motor

A
  • stylopharyngeous muscle
  • larynx/pharynx elevation
  • pharyngeal constriction/shortening
114
Q

CN IX glossopharyngeal: sensory

A
  • taste sensation (posterior 1/3 tongue)
  • stimulates parotid gland (saliva)
  • gag reflex
115
Q

CN X vagus: motor

A
  • intrinsic laryngeal muscles
  • velopharyngeal closure and approximation
  • constriction of esophagus, peristalsis
  • pharyngeal, superior, and recurrent
116
Q

CN X vagus: sensory

A
  • sensation of food residue in larynx, pharynx, and esophagus
  • larynx, pharynx, external ear, trachea, esophagus, and diaphragm
117
Q

CN XI accessory: motor

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • temporalis muscles
  • velopharyngeal closure
  • head turning, shoulder shrug
118
Q

CN XII hypoglossal: motor

A
  • innervates all intrinsic muscles of tongue and all but 1 extrinsic
  • tongue motion, bolus preparation, removing food particles, bolus mix with saliva
  • transporting bolus to pharynx
119
Q

mastication muscles

A

group of 4 muscles responsible for chewing

120
Q

elevator muscles

A
  1. masseter
  2. temporalis
  3. medial pterygoid
121
Q
  1. masseter muscle
A
  • connects mandible and cheekbone
  • elevates mandible and closes the mouth
122
Q
  1. temporalis muscle
A
  • large, fan-shaped muscle
  • retracts and elevates mandible, side to side movement
123
Q
  1. medial pterygoid
A
  • connects mandible with maxilla, sphenoid, and palatine bones
  • elevates mandible and protrudes the jaw
124
Q
  1. lateral pterygoid
A
  • 2-headed muscle located in infra temporal fossa of skull
  • depresses and protrudes mandible to open mouth
125
Q

respiration

A
  • gas exchange (CO2 out and O2 in)
  • process of inspiration and expiration
126
Q

lungs

A

porous, spongy organ of breathing located in thoracic cavity

127
Q

skeletal structure

A
  • vertebral column
  • 7 cervical (neck), 12 thoracic (chest), 5 lumbar (abdomen), 5 sacral fused (lower back), 3-4 coccygeal fused (lower back)
128
Q

vegetative breathing

A

goal of life is sustenance, automatic, and consistent

129
Q

speech breathing

A

expiration more important than inspiration, speak on exhale

130
Q

ventilation

A

the process of inspiration and expiration

131
Q

process of inspiration

A
  • air enters the lungs
  • contraction of inspiratory muscles
  • diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
  • external intercostal muscles contract
  • thoracic cavity expands
  • air rushes into the lungs
132
Q

process of inspiration: thoracic cavity expands

A

volume increases/pressure decreases (Boyle’s law)

133
Q

process of inspiration: air rushes into the lungs

A

through nose/mouth, down pharynx (between vocal folds) –> down through trachea –> into the lungs

134
Q

process of expiration

A
  • air exits the lungs
  • relaxation of inspiratory muscles
  • diaphragm relaxes and rises
  • internal intercostal muscles relax
  • thoracic cavity collapses
  • air rushes out of the lungs
135
Q

process of expiration: thoracic cavity collapses

A

volume decreases/pressure increases (Boyle’s Law)

136
Q

process of expiration: air rushes out of the lungs

A

lungs recoil, chest wall returns back to its original state, and air is expelled out of lungs

137
Q

larynx

A

organ at the top of the neck involved in breathing, sound production, and aspiration prevention

138
Q

regions of the larynx

A
  • supraglottis
  • glottis
  • subglottis
139
Q

supraglottis

A

area above the vocal folds

140
Q

glottis

A

contains true vocal folds

141
Q

subglottis

A

area below the vocal folds

142
Q

unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A
  • cricoid
  • thyroid
  • epiglottis
143
Q

cricoid

A
  • most inferior cartilage
  • ring-shaped
144
Q

thyroid

A
  • laryngest cartilage
  • Adam’s apple
145
Q

epiglottis

A
  • leaf shaped flap that covers glottis of the larynx during swallow
  • protects airway during swallow
146
Q

paired cartilages of the larynx

A
  • arytenoid
  • corniculate
  • cuneiform
147
Q

arytenoid

A

only paired major cartilage

148
Q

corniculate

A

attach to apex of arytenoid cartilages

149
Q

cuneiform

A

do not attach to any other cartilages

150
Q

extrinsic muscles of the larynx

A
  • suprahyoid
  • stylopharyngeus
  • infrahyoid
151
Q

suprahyoid and stylopharyngeus

A

elevate larynx

152
Q

infrahyoid

A

depress larynx

153
Q

intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A
  • posterior cricoarytenoid
  • lateral cricoarytenoid
  • transverse arytenoid
  • oblique arytenoid
  • cricothyroid
  • thyroarytenoid
154
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid

A

vocal fold abduction

155
Q

lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse cricoarytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, and thyroarytenoid

A

vocal fold adduction

156
Q

vocal folds

A

modulate the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation

157
Q

abduction

158
Q

adduction

159
Q

muscles do not actually vibrate…

A

aerodynamic forces do - air pressure is primary force

160
Q

3 pairs of vocal folds

A
  1. true vocal folds
  2. aryepiglottic folds
  3. ventricular (false) folds
161
Q

vocal fold vibration (one complete cycle)

A
  1. vocal folds are adducted (closed), air pressure builds up below them
  2. as air pressure rises, bottom of folds are forced apart
  3. pressure then forces folds apart at middle, then at top, until air freely flows
  4. pressure decreases
  5. as pressure decreases, folds move toward midline (bottom first and top last)
162
Q

aryepiglottic folds

A
  • tips of arytenoids to the larynx
  • separates laryngeal vestibule from pharynx
163
Q

velopharyngeal closure

A

contraction of palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini

164
Q

Bernoulli effect

A
  • change in pressures that pull vocal folds together caused by Bernoulli effect
  • speed of air increases and “sucks” vocal folds toward one another (closure of folds)
165
Q

mucosal wave

A
  • wave-like motion of the vocal fold cover
  • necessary for vibration (phonation)
166
Q

soft palate

A
  • mobile flap of soft tissue
  • elevated during swallow to prevent food from entering nasopharynx
167
Q

pharynx

A
  • part of digestive and respiratory systems
  • connects nose, mouth, and throat
168
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • upper part of the pharynx
  • connects nasal cavity and throat
169
Q

oropharynx

A
  • middle part of pharynx
  • starts at soft palate and goes down to base of tongue
170
Q

laryngopharynx

A
  • lower part of the pharynx
  • above larynx and below oropharynx

NESPA Studying Guides (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions