Fluency and Fluency Disorders

Question 1

disfluency

Answer 1

disruption in the forward flow of speech (can be normal or abnormal)

Question 2

fluency disorder

Answer 2

abnormal disfluencies (i.e. stuttering, cluttering)

Question 3

normal disfluencies

Answer 3

• whole word: “My, my ball went under the couch.”
• whole phrase: “I want, I want some ice cream.”
• interjections: “er, uhm, uh” (not very frequent)

Question 4

atypical disfluencies

Answer 4

• sound prolongations: “Sssssally took my ball.”
• unfilled pause/block: “I want (block) ice cream.”
• part word/syllable repetition: “My i-i-i-ice cream”
• incomplete/broken phrases
• frequent interjections

Question 5

stuttering

Answer 5

a disruption in the forward flow of speech

Question 6

stuttering can take any forms and may be accompanied by…

Answer 6

• physical tension and secondary behaviors
• negative thoughts/emotions
• decreased communication skills
• involuntary breakdowns affects all communication (respiration, phonation, articulation)

Question 7

cluttering

Answer 7

fluency disorder; irregular speaking rate, excessive normal disfluencies, and excessive repetitions

Question 8

cluttering may…

Answer 8

• result in decreased speech intelligibility
• occur with and without stuttering

Question 9

cluttering co-occurs with…

Answer 9

• language and articulation disorders
• attention problems and other disorders

Question 10

types of stuttering

Answer 10

1. childhood onset stuttering
2. psychogenic stuttering
3. neurogenic stuttering

Question 11

childhood onset stuttering

Answer 11

most common type

Question 12

psychogenic stuttering

Answer 12

associated psychological disorder

Question 13

neurogenic stuttering

Answer 13

nervous system damage

Question 14

stuttering etiology

Answer 14

unknown cause, multiple systems play a role
- genetic
- environmental
- abnormal phonation system
- etc.

Question 15

stuttering treatment

Answer 15

• many young children will recover from normal disfluencies on their own without treatment
• children under 6 years old: treatment outcomes are very good
• for children 7+, treatment shifts to more about management of symptoms and less about elimination

Question 16

stuttering in young children

Answer 16

• parent education
• indirect strategies
• direct strategies
• overall communication and speech therapy

Question 17

stuttering in young children: parent education

Answer 17

• reduce rate
• use prompts rather than direct questions
• reduce time pressures
• increase recasting and rephrasing

Question 18

stuttering in young children: indirect strategies

Answer 18

changes made to the environment, not child’s speech

Question 19

stuttering in young children: direct strategies

Answer 19

more direct and specific activities to change and help reduce the stutter

Question 20

stuttering in older children

Answer 20

• parent education
• strategies
• stuttering modification
• speech modification
• overall communication and speech therapy

Question 21

stuttering in older children: strategies

Answer 21

quality and quantity

Question 22

stuttering in older children: stuttering modification

Answer 22

• changing the way one stutters
• modifying the stutter (i.e., quality)
• identification, desensitization, modification, and stabilization

Question 23

stuttering in older children: speech modification

Answer 23

• changing the way one speaks
• modifying speech (i.e., quantity)