Disorders Flashcards
including Cerebral Palsy, Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD red flags, and ASD speech and language
cerebral palsy
- neurological condition caused by brain damage
- affects body movement and muscle coordination
types of cerebral palsy
- spastic
- dyskinetic
- ataxic
- mixed
spastic cerebral palsy
- motor cortex damage
- most common type of CP
- hypertonic and stiff muscles
dyskinetic cerebral palsy
- basal ganglia damage
- muscle tone either too tight or too loose
- involuntary movements
ataxic cerebral palsy
- cerebellum damage
- low muscle tone, shaky movements
- problems with coordination and balance
mixed cerebral palsy
- mixed damage
- combination of CP types
- symptoms will vary based on sites of damage
diplegia
- both legs affected
- arms may be affected to lesser extent or not at all
quadriplegia
- both arms and legs affected
- trunk and facial muscles may also be affected
hemiplegia
- 1 side of body affected
- 1 arm and 1 leg
- may affect left or right side
cerebral palsy: speech and language therapy
- voice/resonance disorders
- articulation disorders
- aphasia
- dysphagia
- dysarthria
- fluency dysarthria
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- neuro-developmental disorder
- deficits in social communication, social interaction and the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors
DSM-5 Autism diagnostic criteria
- persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, across multiple contexts
- restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
- symptoms present in early development (may not fully manifest until social demands exceed capacities)
- symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas
- disturbances not better explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delay
ASD: communication characteristics
- large variation in speech/language/communication skills
- may depend on severity of ASD + other factors
- ranges from non-verbal or minimally responsive to mild speech/language/communication deficits
ASD: common speech and language deficits
- difficulty understanding/using nonverbal language (i.e., gestures, pointing, etc.) and words
- trouble with figurative language (i.e., idioms, metaphors, etc.), humor/jokes, and abstract thinking
- difficulty comprehending/following directions, trouble with “wh-“ questions, reverses pronouns
- trouble learning to read and/or write (some may read but have trouble with reading comprehension)
- speech deficits (i.e., hard to understand, robotic/sing-song speaking voice, impaired prosody)
- social deficits (i.e., difficulty playing with others, turn-taking, understanding feelings, eye contact, etc.)
individuals with ASD may have behaviors such as…
- echolalia
- formulaic language
- neologisms
echolalia
verbal repetitions
formulaic language
sequence of words that are stored and retrieved whole from memory
neologisms
creating new or made-up words/word sequences
ASD: feeding difficulty
- food rejection patterns dependent on presentation and/or texture of food
- labeled as picky eaters
ASD red flags early development: by 6 months
no smiles
ASD red flags early development: by 12 months
- no response to own name
- no babbling
ASD red flags early development: by 14 months
no pointing at objects
ASD red flags early development: by 18 months
no spoken words
ASD red flags early development: by 18 months
no pretend playing
ASD red flags early development
- delayed speech and language
- limited or no eye contact
- frustrated and upset by minor changes
- any loss of previously acquired skills
- persistent hand flapping, body rocking, and/or spinning
- excessive repetition of words/phrases (echolalia)
- unusual reactions to sound, smell, taste, look, and/or feel
- trouble understanding and/or talking about feelings
- obsessive interests and upset by minor changes
ASD speech-language assessment
- case history (developmental and behavioral history)
- medical (complete medical evaluation) and family history (identify if any siblings are diagnosed with ASD)
- comprehensive evaluation of speech/language and feeding/swallowing
- if necessary, AAC assessment (begin as young as possible: AAC does not hinder verbal development)
ASD speech-language treatment
*vary based on assessment findings
- behavioral interventions
- cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
- social communication interventions
- augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)
- Denver model
- relationship-based interventions
ASD: behavioral interventions
- aim to reduce challenging behaviors and learn alternative behaviors (behavioral/operant learning)
- ex: Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
ASD: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
- combination of behavioral and cognitive learning principles: aim to improve behaviors, regulate emotions
- ex: exploring feelings
ASD: social communication interventions
- aim to increase social skills: using group settings and peer interaction
- social scripts
ASD: augmentative alternative communication (AAC)
- uses symbols and other means to help child communicate ideas, wants, and needs
- ex: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
ASD: Denver model
child-led and play focused technique
- aim to improve social communication skills, 1-1 therapy
ASD: relationship-based interventions
- focus is on parent-child relationships
- ex: DIR/floortime
social communication disorder (SCD)
- persistent difficulties in social verbal and non-verbal communication skills
- difficulty with gestures
- inappropriate prosody
- difficulty discussing feelings
- trouble with topic maintenance
SCD: primary differential from ASD
SCD includes impairments only in social communication
