Language and Cognition Flashcards
includes disorder/delay/difference and multicultural differences
language disorder
- an impairment of comprehension and/or use of spoken, written and/or other symbol system
- may include an impairment in language form, language content, and/or language use
receptive disorders
- difficulty understanding spoken language and written language
- difficulty following directions
- difficulty organizing thoughts
expressive disorders
- difficulty putting words together (age appropriate) into sentences
- trouble with word finding
- difficulty using proper tenses
common signs of language disorders in preschool children: phonology
persistent phonological processes
common signs of language disorders in preschool children: morphology
- omissions of grammatical inflections
- slow developing and/or errors with pronouns
common signs of language disorders in preschool children: syntax
shorter sentence length
common signs of language disorders in preschool children: semantics
stereotypical speech, limited vocal (quantity and/or quality)
common signs of language disorders in preschool children: pragmatics
difficulty with group conversations, decreased oral resolution of conflicts/turn taking
language disorders are typically identified around…
grade 4-6
- this is when there is a shift from “learning to read and write” to “reading/writing to learn”
- cognitive skills most strongly influence the child’s responses in early development
language delay
- child acquires language behaviors in a typical sequence at a slower than normal rate
- may be a small delay (last a few weeks) or a long delay (last a year or longer)
late talker
- 16-30 months
- skills below 90% of age peers
- slow to acquire early semantics (first 50 words), syntax (sentences)
language delay with plateau
- develops language skills in typical order, but never fully acquires all skills
- may be temporary and indicative of rapid development in another area
language difference
- regional dialect
- ethnic dialect
- register
- idiolect
dialect
systematic, rule-governed variations in language usually based on culture/region
dialects are not ___
disorders
regional dialects
ex: southern vs. New York
ethnic dialect
ex: vernacular vs. Spanish-influenced
register
ex: formal vs. informal
idiolect
every individual speaker
language difference: demographic data
dialect is a rule-governed variation in a language used by a racial, ethnic, geographic, and/or socioeconomic group
language difference: assessment
language sample analysis, contrastive analysis, and a description of the child’s functional communication skills
African American English (AAE): articulation and phonology
- /l/ is lessened or omitted (ex: pool –> poo)
- /r/ is lessened or omitted (ex: shore –> shoah)
- /f/ substitution for voiceless “th” final/medial (ex: bath –> baf)
- /d/ substitution for voiceless “th” initial position (ex: think –> dink)
- final consonant deletion (ex: hand –> han)
African American English (AAE): morphology and syntax
- omission of plurals (ex: She bought 3 ‘shirt’.)
- omission of possessives (ex: The ‘girl’ book.)
- omission of past tense marker -ed (ex: He ‘cook’ dinner.)
- omission of copula (ex: ‘He’ a fat boy.)
Spanish-Influenced English: articulation
- “ch” substitution for “sh” (ex: show –> chow)
- /b/ substitution for /v/ (ex: vow –> bow)
- dentalized /t, d, n/
Spanish-Influenced English: language
- omission of plurals (ex: She bought 3 ‘shirt’.)
- omission of possessives (ex: The ‘girl’ book.)
- omission of past tense morpheme (ex: He ‘jump’ far.)
- adjectives following nouns (ex: The car silver.)
- auxillary past tense construction (ex: Did she bit herself?)
- double negatives (ex: neither my keys nor my car)
