Problem 9

Question 1

What is orisocial behaviour?

Answer 1

Acts that are positively valued by society (contrast with anti social behaviour)

Question 2

What is helping behavior?

Answer 2

Acts that intentionally benefit someone else

Helping can be antisocial, over helping when giving help is designed to make others look inferior

Question 3

What is altruism?

Answer 3

A special form of helping behavior selfless help to another person

Question 4

Four motives for helping others (controls prisocial behavior)

Answer 4

Egoism prosocial acts benefit ones self
Altruism prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of others
Collectivism prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of a social group
Priciplism prosocial acts follow a moral principle

Question 5

What is evolutionary social psychology?

Answer 5

Extension of evolutionary psychology that views social behavior as adaptive Helio g the individual Kin and the specials as a whole to survive

Question 6

What are the two reasons to help according to evolutionary social psychology

Answer 6

Mutualism (reciprocal altruism): coooerative behavior benefits the cooperative as well as others (I’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine)

Kin selection : bias towards blood relatives propagate in our genes. Lack of direct benefit to the cooperator indicates Altruism

Question 7

What is empathy?

Answer 7

Feel another persons experiences

Question 8

What is the bystander calculus model

Answer 8

Bystander calculates the perceived costs and benefits = social exchange

Question 9

By stander calculus model 3 steps

Answer 9

1 physical arousal greater the arousal more likely he will act
2 labelling the arousal we feel distressed like the victim more similar more likely he will act
3 evaluating the consequences the greater the cost the less likely

Question 10

Empathy costs of not not helping?

Answer 10

We feel bad (Eg blame)

Question 11

Empathic concern?

Answer 11

You could go but you identify and stay

Question 12

How do we learn to be helpful?

Answer 12

Giving instructions: telling children to be helpful to others works

Using reinforcement : acts that are rewarded are more likely to be repeated

Modelling: reproduce the actions attitudes and emotional responses exhibited by a model

Question 13

What is social learning theory?

Answer 13

Human social behaviour is not innate but learnt from appropriate models

Question 14

Learning by vicarious experience?

Answer 14

Acquiring a behaviour after seeing that another person got a reward for it

Question 15

What is the belief in a just world? What

Answer 15

Learnt view that everyone deserves what they get

Question 16

Bystander intervention?

Answer 16

Occurs when an individual breaks out of the role of a bystander and helps

Question 17

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 17

People are less likely to help in an emergency when they are with others rather than alone the greater the Humber the less likely it is that anyone will help

Question 18

What is the diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 18

“Someone else will step forward”

Question 19

Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 19

If nobody does anything the situation must not be an emergency

Question 20

Fear of social blunders

Answer 20

Reputation: what if I embarrass myself?

Question 21

Personal reasons for helping ?

Answer 21

Mood states

Individual differences

Terror management theory

Competence

Leaders and followers

Gender differences

Question 22

Mood states?

Answer 22

Good moods people tend to help more = reinforcement affect model . When people feel good they are less preoccupied with themselves and are more sensitive to the needs of others

Bad moods people who feel bad sad or depressed are internally focused they concentrate on themselves their problems and worries and are less concerned with the welfare of others thus they help other less

Living in big cities: people from small town backgrounds are more likely to help that’s those from larger cities

Question 23

What are individual differences?

Answer 23

People who are securely attached (attachment style) are more likely to be compassionate and altruistic (attachment styles are developed in childhood)

Question 24

Terror management theory

Answer 24

Confront the inevitability of their own death, strive for symbolic immortality by defending their cultural world views —> help

Question 25

Competence

Answer 25

Feeling competent to deal with an emergency makes it more likely that help will be given

Question 26

Leaders and followers

Answer 26

Leader acts as a cue to generalized responsibility

I

Question 27

Gender differences

Answer 27

Women are more likely to help compared to men

Man help to show of

Question 28

Helping to prevent crime?

Answer 28

Responsibility : people are more likely to help others if they have a feeling of responsibility

Prior commitment: An individuals agreement in advance to be responsible if trouble occurs (Eg commuting one self to protect the property of another due to prior discussiion)

Question 29

What are norms?

Answer 29

Attitudinal and behavioral uniformities that define group membership

Reciprocity norm : we should help those who help us

Social responsibility norm: we should give help freely to those in Ned’s without future exchange

Question 30

What are motives and goals?

Answer 30

What prompts helping is a question of motivation and motives involve goals

Question 31

What are volunteers?

Answer 31

Volunteer offer to others a sense of community or civic participation. It can be driven by egoistic motives