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Social Behaviour > Problem 4 > Flashcards

Problem 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an attitude?

A

1 Relatively enduring organization of beliefs feelings and behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups events or symbols

  1. A general feeling evaluation “positive or negative “ about some person object or issue

3 “Aptus” -> fit and ready for action
Guides our choices beliefs and actions

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2
Q

Different attitude structures?

A

One component attitude mode two component model

Three component model

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3
Q

One component attitude model

A

Attitude consists of affect towards or evaluation of the object (positive/negative feeling)

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4
Q

Two component model

A

Attitude consists of a mental readiness to act it also guides evaluative/judgemental responses (good/bad)

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5
Q

Three component model

A

Attitude consist of cognitive, affective and behavioral components (thought feeling action)

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6
Q

What is cognitive consistency?

A

Keeping cognitive harmony

Theory: a group of attitude theories stressing that people try to maintain internal consistency order and agreement among various cognitions

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7
Q

What is the balance theory?

A

People prefer attitudes that are consistent with each other rather than inconsistent

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8
Q

What is the sociocognitive model?

A

Attitude theory in which knowledge of an object is represented in memory along with a summary of how to appraise it

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9
Q

Different types of attitudes

A

Specific and general

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10
Q

How do specific attitudes predict Behaviour?

A

Success in predicting the way we behave is determined by asking whether we would perform a. Given act or a series of acts by asking questions that are quotes specific

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11
Q

How do general attitudes predict behavior?

A

Only adopting a multiple act criterion

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12
Q

What is a multiple act criterion?

A

General Behaviour index based on average or combination of several specific behaviors

(Eg I usually have 8hskfskleo each per night hut not do I always)

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13
Q

What is the theory of reasoned action?

A

Links between attitude and Behaviour. The proposition that the best way to predict a Behaviour is to ask whether the person intends to do it

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14
Q

What is the theory of planned Behaviour

A

Predicting a Behaviour from an attitude is improved if people believe they have control over that Behaviour

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15
Q

What is volition?

A

The faculty of power of using ones will it plays a big role in the theory of planned behavior

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16
Q

What is the protection motivation theory?

A

Adopting a health behavior requires cognitive balancing between the perceived threat of illness and ones capacity to cope with the health regimen

(Eg smoking causes Clara to think about stopping,self efficacy, is whether she thinks she can do it or not)

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17
Q

What is attitude accessibility?

A

When choosing from a number of possible categories to describe an object we are more likely to choose an accessible one(in memory)

->can produce insensitivity to change
(Eg are you going to take the pill? Everyday for the rest of your life?)

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18
Q

What is attitude strength?

A

Attitudes that come to mind more readily and exert more influence over behavior

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19
Q

What is automatic activation?

A

Attitudes that have a strong evaluative link to situational cues are not likely to come automatically to mind from memory

Automatically actives that specific attitude

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20
Q

What is the attitude behavior link?

A

As attitudes are being formed they correlate more strongly with a future behavior when:

  • They’re accesible
  • Attitudes are stable over time
  • People have had direct experience with the attitude object
  • People frequently report their attitudes
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21
Q

What are moderator variables?

A

A variable that qualifies an otherwise simple hypothesis with a view to improving its predictive power
(Eg A causes B only when C is present(moderator)

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22
Q

What are situational variable?

A

Aspects of the situation or context can cause people to act in a way that is inconsistent with their attitudes

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23
Q

What are individual differences?

A
  • Habits are related to the degree of control over the behavior
  • mood is both situational and individual moderator (Eg: angry jurors report having more irrelevant thoughts,judged the defendant more harshly)
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24
Q

What are cognitive biases?

A

Moderator if attitude behavior correspondence (Eg people expect alcohol to affect ogres more adversely than to themselves @, this the greater bias, the greater the support for alcohol restriction.

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25
Q

What is self identity?

A

Sense of who a person is defined by the rules they occupy in society. Influences people’s intention to act

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26
Q

What is attitude formation?

A

Process of forming our attitudes, mainly from our own experiences the influence of others and our emotional reactions

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27
Q

What are some behavioral approaches to forming attitudes?

A

Effects of direct experience

Classical conditioning

Instrumental conditioning

Observational learning

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28
Q

What are effects of direct experience?

A

The mere exposure effect: repeated exposure to an object increase the attraction to that object (Eg song in the radio = neutral feeling when exposed to it more often = like it or not

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29
Q

What are the two types of classical conditioning?

A

Evaluative conditioning

Spreading attitude effect

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30
Q

What is evaluative conditioning?

A

A stimulus will become more liked less liked when it is consistently paired with stimuli that are either positive or negative . ( Eg: children vote similarly to their parents because heir parents have continuously talked about this specific candidate in a positive way)

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31
Q

What is the spreading attitude effect?

A

A liked or disliked person may affect not only the evaluation of a second person directly associated but also other merely associated with the second person (Eg I like Mary and Clara= neutral effect ; I don’t like Maria but Clara likes her Clara is now less likeabke

32
Q

What is instrumental conditioning?

A

Behavior that is followed by positive consequences are reinforced and is more likely to be repeated compared to the contrary

33
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Modeling: Tendency for a person to reproduce the actions, attitudes and emotional responses exhibited by a real life or symbolic model (Eg: a child that has a successful working mother is likely to have a successful career too).

34
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

Self perception theory: We gain knowledge of ourselves only by making self attributions (we infer our attitudes from our behavior )”why did I do that”?

35
Q

What are some sources of learning?

A

Parents

Mass media

36
Q

Some concepts related to attitudes?

A

Values

Ideology

Social representations

37
Q

What are values?

A

Higher order thought to provide a structure for organizing attitudes

Attitudes—> reflects varying degrees of favorability towards an object

Values—> Rated for their importance as guiding principles in life

38
Q

What are the different types of values?

A
  • Theoretical: Interest in problem solving, how things work
  • Econkmical: interest in finance and money affairs
  • Aesthetic: interest in arts, theater and music
  • Social: concern ones fellow, social welfare
  • Political: interest in political structures
  • Religious: concern with theology, afterlife and morals
39
Q

What is an ideology?

A

Integrated and widely shared system of beliefs, usually with social or political reference that serves as an explanatory function

40
Q

What are the two types of ideologies?

A

Pluristic: can tolerate a conflict of values (Eg scientific ideologies)

Monistic: intolerant to conflict (Eg: religious ideologies)

41
Q

What are social representations?

A

Refer to the way people elaborate simplified and shared understanding of their world through social interaction. -> attitudes tend to reflect the society or group in which people live their life

42
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

State of psychological tension, produced by simultaneously having two opposite cognitions. People want to reduce the tensions often by changing or rejecting one. We seek harmony in our attitudes beliefs and behavior (eg: it was worth it = convincing yourself to not feel to bad)

43
Q

What is persuasive communication?

A

Message intended to change an attitude and related behaviors of an audience.

44
Q

What is the third person effect?

A

Most people think they are less influenced than others y adevertisements

45
Q

What is the communicator ?

A

Variable affects the acceptability of persuasive messages

46
Q

Three communicators?

A

Attractiveness

Likeability

Similarity

47
Q

What is a message?

A

Variable that induces attitude change

48
Q

What are different types of messages?

A

Effects of repetition /Repetition minimization: repetition with minimum exposure

Fear: May or may not enhance persuasion

Sleeper effect: He impact of a persuasive message can increase over time when a discounting cue such as an invalid source can no longer be recalled

49
Q

How does self steem relate to persuasion?

A

Men and women: women are more easily persuaded than men

Moderator variable

50
Q

When is age a factor easily influence by persuasion?

A

In the impressionable years l, early adulthood

51
Q

What is the dia confirmation bias?

A

Tendency to notice, refute, regard as weak arguments that contradict our prior beliefs

52
Q

What are the dual process models of persuasion?

A

Elaboration likelihood model

Heuristic systematic model

53
Q

What is the elaboration likelihood model?(ELM)

A

Model of attitude change when people attend to a message carefully they use central route to process it if not they use a peripheral route

54
Q

What are the 4 points of the elaboration likelihood model?

A
  • Motivation
  • Ability
  • Arguments strength

Personal reliance

.central route: considerable cognitive effort -> changes attitude

.peripheral route: no effort, superficial preference -> doesn’t change attitude

55
Q

What is the heuristic systematic model,

A

Model of attitude change: when people attend to a message carefully, they use systematic processing, otherwise they process information about heuristics (mental short cuts)

56
Q

What is enhancing compliance?

A
  • ingratiation
  • reciprocity principle
  • multiple requests

—action research

57
Q

What does ingratiation consist of?

A

An strategic attempt to get people to like you in order to obtain compliance with a request

58
Q

What is the reciprocity principle?

A

Law of “doing others what they do to you” (Eg doing a favor and feeling obligated to reciprocate)

59
Q

What are multiple requests?

A

Tactics gaining compliance using a 2 step procedure.

1st request—> set up(is a trap!)

2nd request—> real request set up by first

60
Q

Different tactics for multiple request enhancing compliance?

A

Foot in the door tactic: if someone agrees to a small request they will be more willing to comply with a larger request

Door in the face tactic: person is asked a large request and small request afterwards

Law ball tactic: a person who agrees to a request still feels committed after finding that here are hidden costs (Eg: car salesman m, includes attractive extras but with hidden costs that will be revealed later)

61
Q

What is action research?

A

Involving oarticipants in the process of change and addressing a social problem

62
Q

What is the best way to change an attitude?

A

Through cognitive disonante and attitude change

63
Q

What is the cognitive consistency theory?

A

People try to maintain internal consistency order and agreement among their various cognitions

64
Q

What is the selective expose hypothesis?

A

People tend to avoid potentially dissonant info

65
Q

What is the selective expose hypothesis?

A

People tend to avoid potentially dissonant info

66
Q

What is the effort justification?

A

An. Special case of cognitive dissonance

Inconsistency is experienced when a person makes a considerable effort to achieve a modest goal

67
Q

What is induced compliance?

A

When a person is persuaded to behave in a way that is contrary to an attitude

68
Q

What is the list decision conflict?

A

Dissonance associated with behaving in a counter attitudinal way. Dissonance can be reduced by bringing the attitude into line with the behavior (behave in a way that is against belief)

69
Q

What is free choice?

A

The representativeness heuristic: cognitive short cut in which instances are assigned to categories or types on the bases of overall similarities or resemblance to the category

70
Q

What is the self affirmation theory?

A

People reduce the impact of threat to their self concept by focusing on and affirming their competence in some area (Eg Ian bad at football but really good at basketball)

71
Q

What is a vicarious dissonance,’?

A

When two people share a strong bond dissonance experienced by one person may be experienced by the other

72
Q

What are alternative views to dissonance?

A

Self perception theory : we gain knowledge of our self only by making self attributions

73
Q

Different resistance to persuasion?

A

Reactance

Forewarning

Inoculation

Attitude accessibility and strength

74
Q

What is reactance?

A

People try to protect their freedom to act(e.g someone tries to change your attitude, you react by strengthening your attitude or eve are the apple that god told her. It to eat)

75
Q

What is forewarning?

A

Avance knowledge that one is going to e the target of a persuasion attempt(telling Someone that you’re going to influence them)

76
Q

What is inoculation?

A

A way of making people resistant to persuasion l. Providing them with a diluted counter argument they build up strong arguments for later

77
Q

What is the attitude accessibility and strength?

A

The more accesible the attitude is the stronger it is the stronger the attitude the more resistant to persuasion

Social Behaviour (12 decks)

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