Problem 5 Agression Flashcards
What is aggression?
The intent to harm
What is the nurture-nurture controversy?
Does genetics or social factors determine our behavior?
Biological and social explanations for behavior
Is violence a part of human nature?
Biological explanations
What is the instinct:innate fmdrive or impulse genetically transmitted?
- Goak directed
- Beneficial for the individual
- Adapted to a normal environment
- Shared by most members of the species
- Develops as the individual matures
- Unlearned in the basis of individual experiences
What is the osychodynamic theory?
Aggression builds up naturally and has to be released
Who are the Neo freudians?
Psychoanalytic theorists who modified the original theories of Freud (more rational)
After release we feel a depletion if energy that makes us more prone to do it again
What is ethnology?
Animal behaviour should be estudies in the species natural physical and social environment
Aggression is determined and controlled by natural selection(extension of Darwin’s theory)
What are releasers?
Specific stimuli in the environment thought by ethnologists to trigger daggers Ive responses
What is the fight instinct?
Innate impulse to aggress which ethnologists claim in shared by humans with other animals
What is evolutional social psychology?
Evolutionary psychology that views social behaviour as adaptive, helping the individual kind and species as a whole to survive
Derived form Darwinian theory : specific behaviour has evolved because it promotes the survival
Social and bio social explanations
Not enough as external factors (income, social situation) also play a role
What is the frustration aggression hypithesis?
Frustration leads to aggression and vice versa
What is the excitation transfer,
Learnt aggressive behavior
Arousal or excitation from another source
Arousal interpretation > aggressive behavior is appropriate
I dropped something so I scream at someone else
What is hate crime ?
-
What is the social learning theory?
Human social behavior is not innate but learnt from appropriate models
Learning by direct experience
Learning by vicarious
Factors that makes a person aggressive in a particular situation
Modelling
Script
How do we learn aggression through direct experience?
Behavior is maintained by rewards and punishments actually experience by a child
How I we learn aggression vicariously ?
Acquiring behavior occurs through the process of modelling and imitation of other people
E.g (children can learn aggression by playing video games in which heroic characters are reinforced for aggression)
What are some factors that make a person aggressive in a particular situation?
- A persons previous experiences of others aggressive behaviour m
- How successful aggressive behavior has been in the past
- The current likelihood that an aggressive will be either rewarded or punished
- The complex array of cognitive, social and environmental factors in the situation
What is modelling?
Tendency for a person to reproduce the actions, attitudes and emotional responses exhibited by a real life or symbolic model
What is a script and how does it influence aggression
Schema about an event
How does personality relate to aggression?
The tendency to aggress develops quite early in life and becomes a stable behavior pattern
What is the type “A” personality “coronary prone”
Type A people are over rice and excessively competitive in their encounters with others may be more aggressive to people that compete with them. These people are associated with susceptibility to corninary heart diseases. Type A people prefer to work alone
How do hormones relate to aggression?
May be a link between testosterone and aggression
How is aggression related to the social role theory?
Sex differences in behaviour are rather determined by society than ones biology. Aggression may be more to do with status rather than sex or gender men are more likely to use physical violence and women are more likely to use verbal violence
What is a catharsis(venting )?
Release feelings of aggression and feel better afterwards
Research: it kinky increases aggression and violence
How does alcohol relate to aggression?
Alcohol compromises cortical control and increases activity in more primitive brain areas. People who drink more are more aggressive
What is disinhibition(alcohol)?
Reduction in the usual social forces that operate to restrain us from acting anti socially, illegally or immorally “our of character”
What is deindividuation?
People lose their sense of sociales individual identity and engage in unsocial often antisocial behaviour (especially happens in groups)
Becomes the groups identity (not individual identity)
What is dehumanization?
Stripping people of their dignity and humanity
What is collective aggression?
Unified aggression by a group of individuals who may not even know one another against another individual or group
Some situational variables ?
Physical environment :increase level of aggression
- Heat (more temperature more aggression but extreme heat snaps energy and decreases aggression)
- Crowding subjective stat characterized by feeling that ones personal space has been encroached
What is the general aggression model?(GAM)
Model that includes both personal and situational factors, cognitive and affective processes in accounting for different kinds of aggression
What are some societal influences that affect aggression?
Disadvantages groups
Criminality and women
Cultural variation
Subculture of violence
How do disadvantages groups relate to aggression?
Deprived groups become passive victims
What is relative deprivation?
Sense of having less Thant what we feel entitled to. Causes people to commit crime vandalism assault and burglary
How does criminality and women relate to aggression?
Criminal violence is still more prevalent among men, rate of violent offending has increased among women
How does cultural variation relate to aggression?
Violence varies between cultures
Cultural norms
Culture of honor
What are cultural norms?
Norms whose origin is part of the tradition of a culture
What is the culture of honor?
Upholding and defending the reputation and person oneself and ones family (female infidelity damages a mans reoutation. This makes abuse in a relationship acceptable)
What is the subculture of violence?
Subgroup of society in which a higher level of violence is accepted as the norm. Violence is legitimized as a lifestyle (Eg gangs)
Machismo: code in which challenges abuse and even differences of opinion must be met with fists or other weapons
How does mass media affect aggression?
Through desensitization : serious reduction in a persons responsiveness to material that usually evokes a strong emotional reaction
(Aggressive video games show desensitization on the outcome of aggressive behavior)
What are the parts of cognitive analysis that relate to aggression?
Social cognition: how people process and store social info
Neo association analysis
Priming effect
Weapons effect
What are the Neo associationist analysis?
A view of aggression according to which mass media provide images of violence to an audience that larger translate into antisocial facts
What is a priming effect?
Activation of accesible categories or schemas in memory that influence how we process new info
What is the weapons effect?
The mere presence of a weapon increases the probability that it will be used aggressively
How does a erotica influence aggression?
Effects of erotica in aggression depends on the type of erotica viewed(Pictures if attractive nudes have a distracting effect, pictures of explicit living making increase aggression)
1) exposure to violence will cause men to become desensitized to violence against females
2) exposure to pornography will contribute to the development of negative attitudes towards women
What are some rape myths?
“Woman secretly Desire to be raped
Rape myths acceptance is a cognitive schema
What is domestic violence ?
Gender asymmetry
Hurting the one we love
What is gender asymmetry?
Same sex relationships are also victims of domestic violence.
More sexual assaults in heterosexual relationships are committed by men
Much of women’s use of violence is in self defense against their partners assault
What is the belief in a just world?
Belief that the world is a just and predictable place where good things happen to “good people” and bad things to “bad people”
What is hurting the one we love?
- Learnt patterns. Of aggression, chronic repetition of violence in families
- Proximity of family members
- stresses financial difficulties unemployment and illnesses
- division of power favoring the man
- alcohol assumption correlate male abuse of a spouse
What is institutionalized aggression?
Role of society
- social order:
- institutionalized aggression
What is war?
Societies with more war have more warlike sports beliefs in make violence. And Sever punishments for crimes
What is the role of the state ?
Suggest to its citizens that aggression is reasonable in certain circumstances (Eg: war time using propaganda)
What is the role of the person?
People are thought from childhood to obey both the laws of the state and the orders of those who represent its authority (Eg milligrams experiment)
Agentic state: state of mind thought by Milgram to characterize unquestioning obedience, in which people transfer personal responsibility to the person giving orders
How do you reduce aggression?
Peace studies: multidisciplinary movement dedicated to the study and promotion of peace
Catharsis; dramatic release of pent up feelings the idea that aggressive motivation is drained by acting against a frustrating object or by vicarious experience
