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Social Behaviour > Problem 2 The Self/Identity > Flashcards

Problem 2 The Self/Identity Flashcards

1
Q

What are cognitive constructs?

A

Abstract of theoretical concepts that are not observable and are used to explain or clarify a phenomenon

The self is an individual phenomenon

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2
Q

What is symbolic interactionism?

A

Theory of how the self emerges from human interaction, involves people trading symbols (through language and gesture).

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3
Q

Three basic points of symbolic interactionism

A
  • Society influences individuals through the way they think about themselves
  • Self conception is modified through interaction
  • We are socially constituted : we construct a self concept that reflects the society we live in
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4
Q

What is the looking glass self?

A

The self derived from seeing ourselves as others see us.

People see themselves as they think people see them

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5
Q

What is the self enhancing triad?

A

We enhance our self image

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6
Q

What is self awareness?

A

Comes and goes, generated by anything that focuses your attention on yourself as an object.(e.g in front of a mirror or public)

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7
Q

Three types of self you can find in self awareness?

A

Private self: Private thoughts, feelings and attitudes

Public self: How other people see you, your public image

Deindividuation: people loose their sense of socialized individual identity and engaged in unsocialized /antisocial behaviors

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8
Q

What is self knowledge?

A

People use it to know about themselves and make sense about the world

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9
Q

What are all the types of self knowledge?

A

Self schema

Self discrepancy theory

Self regulation

Regulatory focus theory

Self perception theory

Overjustification effect

Social comparison theory

Self evaluation maintenance model

BIRGING:

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10
Q

What are self schemas?

A

Cognitive structures that represent knowledge about ourselves

  • people have many discrete self schemas
  • self schemas that are rigidly compartmentalized have disadvantages —> create mood swings
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11
Q

What is the self discrepancy theory?

A

Theory about consequences of making self-ideal and self-ought comparisons that reveal self discrepancies

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12
Q

How many types of self schemas are there?

A

Actual self—>how we currently are

Ideal self —>Hiw we would like to be

Ought self —> How we think we should be

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13
Q

What is self regulation?

A

-Strategies that we use to match our Behaviour to an ideal or “ought” standard

Feel dejected(sad) : when we fail to resolve an ideal discrepancy

Feel agitated (fear, anxiety): when we fail to resolve ought discrepancy

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14
Q

What is a regulatory focus theory?

A

Theory that believes that people have two regulatory systems :

  • Promotion system
  • Prevention system
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15
Q

How does the promotion system work?

A

Attainment of ones hopes and aspirations aka ones idea

—>Adopt approach strategic means to attain their goals (e.g: promotion-focused students seek for a way to improve their grades

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16
Q

How does the prevention system work?

A

Fulfillment of ones duties and obligations - ones oughts

—> people in a preventive focus use avoidance strategic means to attain their goals (e.g prevention focused people will avoid new situations or new people and concentrate more on avoiding failure

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17
Q

Where does the differences between the promoti n and the preventive systems happen?

A

Childhood

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18
Q

What is self perception theory?

A

We gain knowledge of ourselves only by making self attributions

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19
Q

What is the overjustifucation effect ?

A

In the absence of obvious external determinants of our Behaviour we assume that we fully choose the Behaviour because we enjoy it

—> introducing external awards may reduce motivation and enjoyment of a task

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20
Q

What is the social comparison theory?

A

Comparing our Behaviour and opinions with those of others in order to establish the correct or socially approved way of thinking g and behaving

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21
Q

What is the self evaluation maintenance model?

A

People who are constrained to make esteem-damaging upward comparisons can underplay or deny similarity to the target or they can withdraw from the relationship with the target

(Eg if the group is positive attribute punted to self is positive)

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22
Q

What is BIRGING ?

A

Lining yourself with desirable people or groups improve other people’s impressions of you

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23
Q

What are 2 classes of identities that define different types of self?

A

Social identity and personal identity

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24
Q

What is a social identity?

A

Identity that defines self in terms of group membership

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25
Q

What is personal identity?

A

Identity that defines self in terms of idiosyncratic(mode of Behaviour or way of thought peculiar to an individual) traits and close personal relationships

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26
Q

What are 3 types of identities?

A

Person based social identities

Group based social identities

Collective identities

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27
Q

What are person based social identities?

A

The way that group properties are internalized by individual group members as part of their self concept

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28
Q

What are group based social identities?

A

Equivalent to social identity

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29
Q

What are collective identities?

A

Group members don’t only share self defining attributes but also engage in social action in a way that they forge an image of what the group stands for and how it is represented and viewed by others

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30
Q

There are three forms of self

A

Individual self

Relational self

Collective self

31
Q

What is the individual self?

A

Self based on personal traits l.’c which. Differentiate from others, attributes that make on unique, relative to others

32
Q

What is the relational self?

A

Self based on connections with others m, defined in terms of relationship that one has with others

33
Q

What is the collective self

A

Based on group membership l, attributes shared with ingroup members and distinct from outgroup members

34
Q

What is the difference between identity and self?

A

Identity : the fact of being who or what a person or thing is —> who we believe we are

Self: a persons essential being that differentiates him from others, specially considered as the object of introspective or reflexive action

35
Q

Influence of self and identity?

A
  • what people are motivated to do
  • how they think
  • how they make sense of themselves and others
  • the actions they make
  • their feelings
  • their ability to regulate themselves
36
Q

What is a narrative identity/conceptualized self?( a constructivist perspective on identity)

A
  • we formulate our own life history
  • we define our own attributes(by comparing them to others)
  • we evaluate these attributes
  • we construct cause and effect relations between a events and attributes
  • we construct our self defining life story
    —> a persons reality reflects personal interpretations of objects and events (filter)
37
Q

Identification how do we construct our self?

A
  • means making the same
  • identify to something = making sure it is the same as me

It is composed of for elements:

Categorization

Identification

Comparison

Psychological distinctiveness

38
Q

What is categorization?

A

We put others and ourselves into categories

39
Q

What is identification?

A

We associate certain groups which serve to boost our self esteem

40
Q

What is comparison?

A

We compare our groups with other groups seeing favorable bias towards the group we belong to

41
Q

What is psychological distinctiveness?

A

We desire our identity to be both distinct from and positively compared with other group

42
Q

What is the self influenced by?

A

Culture

Media

Parenting

School

Job

Religion

Therapist

Biology

43
Q

What is social identity theory

A

Theory if group membership based on self categorization self comparison and the construction of a shared self in terms of in group defining properties

44
Q

What is a prototyoe?

A

Cognitive representation of the typical/ideal characteristics of a score

45
Q

What is the metacontrast principle?

A

Accentuate similarities within a group and accentuate differences with outgroups

46
Q

What is the process of social identity salience?

A

Governed by the princess of social categorization

47
Q

Any consequence with social categorization?

A

When a categorization becomes salient, people’s perception of themselves and others become depersonalized

48
Q

What are two self motives?

A
  • 3 motives that influence self construction/knowledge

- self affirmation theory

49
Q

What are three motives that influence self construction/knowledge?

A

Self assessment: motivates pursuit of info about self

Self verification : motivates pursuit of information that is consistent with our own self image

Self enhancement: motivates pursuit of information that makes us look good

50
Q

What is the self affirmation theory?

A

People reduce the impact of a threat to their self concept by focusing on and affirming their competence in some other area

51
Q

What is self esteem?

A

Evaluations and feeling of our self

52
Q

What is automatic egotism?

A

Widely favorable self image displayed when we are threatened or distracted

53
Q

What is self handicapping?

A

Publicly making advance external distributions for our anticipated failure or poor performance in a forthcoming event

54
Q

What is the above average effect?

A

Tendency to overestimate our good points = self affirmation bias

Positive illusions avoid depression

55
Q

What is narcissism?

A

High self esteem

Personality trait compromising self love and an inflated or grandiose view on oneself

56
Q

What is terror management theory?

A

The most fundamental human motivation is to reduce the terror of death

57
Q

What do we mean when we say self steem as a sociometer?

A

Self esteem is a good monitor of social acceptance and belonging

High self esteem conquer the threat of loneliness and social rejection

Social exclusion from a group for personal reasons causes a depressed self esteem

58
Q

What is impression management?

A

People’s use of various strategies to get other people to view them in a positive way

People behave differently in public than in private

59
Q

What is self monitoring?

A

Carefully controlling how we present ourselves

60
Q

WhT is self presentation?

A

Deliberate effort to act in ways that create a particular impression on

—> manipulate others perception of you

61
Q

In an staratwgic self presentation what 5 motives do you focus on manipulating other people’s perception of you?

A
  • Self promotion
  • Ingratiation
  • Intimidation
  • Exemplification
  • Supplication
62
Q

What is self promotion?

A

Persuading others that you are competent

63
Q

What is ingratiation?

A

Get others to like you

64
Q

What is Intimidation?

A

Get others to think you’re dangerous

65
Q

What is exemplification?

A

Get others to regard you as a morally respectable individual

66
Q

What is supplication,

A

To get others to take pity on you

67
Q

What is an expressive self presentation?

A

Focuses more on one self than in others , involves demonstrating and validating our self concept through our actions

Identity requires if social validation for it to persist and serve as an usual function (e.g it is if little use to me to think I am a genius when nobody else’s does)

68
Q

What is authenticity?

A

The unhindered operation of ones true self in ones daily enterprise

69
Q

The 4 components of authenticity

A

Awareness

Unbiased processing

Behaviour

Relational orientation

70
Q

What is awareness?

A

Being aware of ones feelings, motives and desires, strengths and weaknesses and self relevant cognitions
-Many identify with the conceptualized self/ narrative identity

-strong need to defend the self and keep self esteem stable

71
Q

What is mindfulness?

A

Aware that the self is a set of constructs and beliefs.

Requires attention onwards

72
Q

What is unbiased processing,

A

Being objective and processing information related to ones positive and negative attributes and qualities

73
Q

What is Behaviour?

A

The free and natural expression of ones feelings l, motives and inclinations, and sensitivity to the fit between ones self and dictates if the environment

74
Q

What is a relational orientation?

A

Valuing and engaging is openness and truthfulness of ones close relationships

Social Behaviour (12 decks)

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