Problem 1 Chapter 3 Flashcards
What are the three attribution theories
- naive psychologist
- internal/dispositional attribution
- external /situational attribution
What is the naive psychologist attribution theory?
Characterises people as using, rational, scientific like, cause -effect analyses to understand the world
What is internal(dispositional) attribution?
Process of assigning the cause of our own or other ma Behaviour to internal or dispositional factors
What is external (situational) attribution theory?
Assigning the cause of our own Behaviour to external or environmental factors
What is the correspondent inference?
Causal attribution of Behaviour to underlying dispositions.
- When do we conclude whether someone’s specific Behaviour corresponds to his/her dispositions?
- We prefer to make dispositional(internal) attributions because this makes people predictable, increase a sense of control over the world
When do we make internal correspondent attributions?
- The Behaviour is freely chosen
- The Behaviour is non common
- The Behaviour is high in personalism(quality of being personal)
- The Behaviour is low in social desirability (quality of being desirable)
- The Behaviour is hedonic relevant
What is the covariation model/attribution theory(Kelley)?
People determine the cause of someone’s Behaviour by focusing on three types of information
- Consistency
- Distinctiveness
- Consensus
Describe with examples the three types of information that the covariation model(‘a attribution thwory(Kelley) focus on
Consistency: Does Tom smile always at the blonde cashier (high) or only sometimes (low).
Distinctiveness: Does Tom smile at all (low)the cashiers or only at the blonde one (high)
Consensus: Does everyone smile at the blonde cashier(high) or sit only Tom(low)
Criticism on covariation model/attribution theory (Kelley)?
- Kelley assumes people are rational observers and they have enough time to process all 3 types of information
- We often make the fundamental attribution erro or
What is the fundamental attribution error?
- We overestimate the influence of personality variables
- We underestimate the influence of the situation
-Because:
.We see what we want to see (selective perception)
.We have wring expectations .we operate an automatic pilot
What is causal schemata?
Experience-based beliefs about how certain types off cause interact to produce an effect (eg: I give ten euros to a restaurant because I know they will give me a good table)
What is emotion liability?
Emotions can change depending on what kind of attributions we make for what we are experiencing
What is self perception theory?
We gain knowledge of ourselves only by making self-attributions
What is the task performance theory?
Causes and consequences of the sorts of attribution made for people’s successes or failures for a task
What is attributional style?
An individual predisposition ti make a certain type of causal distribution for Behaviour
What are the attribution all biases?
- Cognitive miser:
- Heuristics
- Correspondence bias
- Fundamental attribution error
What is a cognitive miser?
Bias of attribution where people use the least complex and demanding cognition that are able to produce generally adaptive behaviors
What is a heuristic?
A cognitive short cut
What is the correspondence bias?
General attribution bias I. Which people have an inflated tendency to see behaviour as reflecting stable underlying personality attributes
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Bias in attributing another’s Behaviour more internal than to situational causes
What is an actor observer effect?
Tendency to attribute our own Behaviour externally (environmental factors) and others behaviour internally(dispositional factors)
What is the false consensus effect?
Seeing our own Behaviour as being more typical than it really is. We assume that in other circumstances others would behave in the same way
What is a self serving bias?
Attributional distortions that protect or enhance self esteem of the self concept (ego serving)
What is self handicapping?
Publicly making advanced external attributions for our anticipated failure or poor performance in a forthcoming effect
What is the illusion of control?
The belief that we have more control over our world than we really do
What is ethnocentrism?
Evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups
What is the ultimate attribution error?
Tendency to attribute bad outgroup and good ingroup internally and to attribute good outgroup and bad ingroup Behaviour externally
What is essentialism?
The tendency to consider that Behaviour reflects often innate (since birth) properties of people or the groups they belong to
What is the outcome bias?
Assume that people do things because they thought about it l, it is wanted (eg someone is mean you think it’s your fault)
What is the social encoding for people?
To memorize people linking them to inferences we already know of
