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Food + Physiology > Probiotics > Flashcards

Probiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a probiotic

A

live microorganisms, when consumes in adequate amounts cause a health benefit on the host

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2
Q

what are the properties required to be classed as a probiotic

A
  • beneficial effect on host
  • nonpathogenic and non-toxic
  • contain large number of viable cells
  • capable of surviving and metabolising in the gut
  • remain viable during storage and use
  • good sensory properties
  • be isolated from same species as host
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3
Q

what are the abilities needed for a probiotic

A
  • beneficial effects
  • resistance to bile, hydrochloric acid and pancreatic juice
  • GI tract colonisation
  • adhere to epithelial cells
  • antimicrobial activity
  • anticarcinogenic activity
  • immune modulation/stimulation
  • reduce intestinal permeability
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4
Q

what constantly ‘watches over’ the food and microbial antigen

A

mucosal immune system

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5
Q

what is the function of the intestinal barrier

A

tolerance against commensals and immunity against pathogens require intact mechanisms for antigen uptake, recognition, processing and response

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6
Q

what alters the mucosal barrier function

A

stress

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7
Q

what protects the intestinal cells

A

intestine have villi and crypts coated with mucus (mucosal layer)

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8
Q

what does the intestine have to protect against pathogens

A

contain bacteria that prevent bacteria entering

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9
Q

where does selective reabsorption occur in intestine

A 
selective reabsorption into the cell 
luminal side (contains mucosal layer and bacteria in microflora of them), have a tight junction where molecules can go across selectively to basolateral side
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10
Q

what can break selective reabsorption, what effect does this have

A

tight junction can be broken by e.g. stress, E.coli

no control of reabsorption causes diarrhoea

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11
Q

what do the paneth cells do

A

can release antimicrobial molecules into gut lumen

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12
Q

where are the paneth cells

A

bottom of crypts

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13
Q

where are lymphocytes present

A

lymphoid follicles
central region of B lymphocytes
lateral region of T lymphocytes

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14
Q

what do M cells do

A

sample the antigen directly from the lumen and deliver to antigen-presenting cells on basolateral side vis trnscytosis

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15
Q

how is a lymphocyte activated

A

by a dendritic cell presenting an antigen

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16
Q

where does a activated lymphocyte go

A

leaves mucosa in lymph
enters bloodstream via thoracic canal/duct
travel to gut

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17
Q

what area do activated lymph colonise

A

either same mucosa or other mucosal effector sites

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18
Q

what is a peyers patch made of

A

lymphoid follices

19
Q

where are peyers patches

A

in the wall of the small intestine

20
Q

what is the function of a peyers patch

A

destroy bacteria - by preventing them to enter the small intestine wall then bloodstream
generate memory lymphocytes for long term immunity

21
Q

what is MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

22
Q

what covers the peyers patch

A

special epithelium that contain specialised cells - microfold cells (M cells)

23
Q

what happens when peyers patch encounter antigen

A

B-cells and memory cells stimulated

these cells pass to mesenteric lymph nodes - immune response is amplified

24
Q

what are some mechanisms of probiotic activity

A
  • antimicrobial
  • improve environment for beneficial bacteria growth
  • make beneficial end product
  • reduce harmful end products
  • stimulate immune system against pathogens
25
Q

what is the gut like where there is supplemention of prebiotic and probiotic

A

higher microbial diversity
causes niches that will be occupied by pathogens to be excluded
less potential pathogens

26
Q

what is the gut like without supplementation

A

lower microbial diversity

areas where pathogens can invade

27
Q

what does the complex diet allow

A

increased microbial diversity

pathogen exclusion

28
Q

what does a simple diet allow

A

pathogen colonization

villus atrophy and inflammation

29
Q

what does lactase do

A

convert lactose to glucose and galactose

30
Q

what is lactose intolerance

A

develop inability to digest and absorb lactose

31
Q

when does lactose intolerance develop

A

adulthood

32
Q

what are the symptoms of lactose intolerance

A

gastrointestinal symptoms:
pain
diarrhoea
flatulence (H2 methane)

33
Q

what can convert lactose to lactate without gas

A

homofermentative lactic acid

34
Q

what examples are there of individuals that would have a dysfunctional immune response

A

infants
elderly
surgical patients
stressed

35
Q

what can cause immunostimulatory properties

A

probiotics

36
Q

what is a prebiotic

A

non-digestible food ingredient (carbohydrate) beneficially affect host by selectively stimulating growth and/or activity on one/+ bacteria in the colon - can improve hosts health

37
Q

what classification properties must a prebiotic have

A
  • not hydrolysed or absorbed in upper part GI tract
  • selective substrate for one or a limited number of potentially beneficial commensal bacteria in colon, stimulating bacteria to grow, become metabolically activated, or both
  • alter colonic microflora towards healthier composition
  • fermented by intestinal microflora
38
Q

what can digest prebiotics

A

bacterial activity

39
Q

what is the end product of homofermenters

A

lactic acid

40
Q

what is the end product of heterofermenters

A

lactic acid
acetic acid
CO2
ethanol

41
Q

what are bacteriocins

A

proteins or peptides that have antibacterial activity against closely related species

42
Q

what does lactobacillus do

A

ferment glucose

43
Q

what are the problems with probiotic studies

A

strong placebo effect
very strain/condition dependent
difficult to demonstrate effects in healthy individuals

44
Q

what is a synbiotic

A

prebiotic + probiotic

Food + Physiology (17 decks)

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