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Food + Physiology > Organised disassembly and absorption > Flashcards

Organised disassembly and absorption Flashcards

1
Q

function of the oesophagus

A

transit

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2
Q

function of the stomach

A

storage
grinding food - milling
acid/peptic digestion

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3
Q

function of the small intestine

A

carbohydrate, fat, protein digestion and absorption
water and electrolyte transport
bile salt transport

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4
Q

function of the large intestine

A

storage

water reabsorption

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5
Q

function of the rectum and anus

A

defecation

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6
Q

what are the four digestive processes

A

motility
secretion
digestion
absorption

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7
Q

what occurs in the motility process

A

physically pass food through tract

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8
Q

what occurs in the secretion process

A

secrete digestive juices into digestive tract

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9
Q

what occurs in the digestion process

A

what you secrete will take the larger macromolecules and convert them into smaller molecules

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10
Q

what occurs in the absorption process

A

absorb efficiently and rapidly

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11
Q

what is apprehension

A

teeth, lips and tongue move food into the mouth

lips retain food in mouth

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12
Q

what is mastication

A

rhythmic action to break food to smaller pieces = increases SA

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13
Q

what is salivation

A

moistens food to make it easier to swallow

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14
Q

what is deglutition

A

swallowing, series of muscles facilitate pushing food to back of mouth

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15
Q

when is the somatic motor act initiated

A

by willed decision to start chewing

becomes automatic

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16
Q

what is the purpose of chewing food

A

grinds and breaks up food
mixes with saliva
stimulates taste buds = release chemicals

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17
Q

what hormone is released as a result of chewing and what is the effect this causes

A

gastrointestinal hormones
initial neurological activation
tell rest of gut food coming
whole process is controlled neurologically and hormonally

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18
Q

what are the three glands where saliva is secreted

A

parotids
sublinguals
submaxillary

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19
Q

what is secreted at the parotid gland

A

thin watery fluid

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20
Q

what is secreted at the sublinguals gland

A

fluid of intermediate viscosity

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21
Q

what is secreted at the submaxillary gland

A

thick, mucus-rich fluid

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22
Q

how is the saliva formed

A

all the secretions join to form enzyme and mucus-rich solution

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23
Q

what are the constituents of saliva

A

water 99.5% (solvent)
ions (sodium, chloride, bicarbonate-buffer)
mucus (lubricant-solvent)
alpha-amylase (enzyme attach starch-digestion)
lysozymes (destroy bacteria-first point of protection, antibacterial action)

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24
Q

what are the functions of saliva

A

aids speech - facilitate tongue movement
oral hygiene - flush food residues
buffering - bicarbonate buffers neutralise acids

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25
Q

how many litres of saliva is secreted in a day

A

1-2

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26
Q

what controls saliva production

A

spontaneous

parasympathetic nerve endings

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27
Q

in response to a stimulus how much saliva can be produced

A

5ml per minute

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28
Q

which receptors respond to food in the mouth

A

chemoreceptors

pressure receptors

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29
Q

what happens at the salivary gland

A
  1. neurological stimulus received via parasympathetic nerves
  2. vasodilation of capillary = increase blood flow into capillary, more difficult for blood to flow continuously so increase pressure cause hyperfiltration of plasma
    filtrate of plasma passes between cells and enters lumen (acinus)
  3. amylase vesicles move an fuse to the apical membrane, release enzyme contents
    same time bicarbonate is added from the acinar cells into fluid
  4. NaCl ions removed from plasma in ductule so left with of watery fluid to pass down ductule
30
Q

how many skeletal muscles are use in deglutition and what happens

A

25

propel bolus into oesophagus

31
Q

what is the name of movement along the oesophagus

A

active peristalsis

32
Q

what is receptive relaxation

A

stomach expands to accepts food

33
Q

what is the function of the stomach

A

acts as a storage vessel

34
Q

what happens to food in the stomach

A

ingested material in strongly acidic medium (pH 2) weakens food structure
digests protein with pepsin (optimum pH2)

35
Q

what is the second wave of defence in boy

A

pH2 stomach acidic

36
Q

how is chyme formed, what is chyme where does it go

A

in stomach during digestion
turns the material into thin, acidic, slurry
to be released into duodenum

37
Q

what are the three layers of muscle in the stomach

A

oblique
circular
longitudinal

38
Q

what is the function of the layers of muscle in the stomach

A

layers mean the bag can contract

39
Q

what is the stomach lining like

A

mucosa is ridged - covered in ugae

further breaks the food

40
Q

what is the gastic juice composed of

A 
water
HCl
pepsinogen
intrinsic factor
mucous
41
Q

what is the water for in the gastric juice

42
Q

what is the HCl for in the gastric juice

A

chemical attack on food

antiseptic

43
Q

what is the pepsinogen for in the gastric juice

A

pepsin secreted as pepsinogen (inactive precurser)

stomach acid activates pepsin

44
Q

what is the intrinsic factor for in the gastric juice

A

essential for absorption of vitamin B12

45
Q

what is the mucus for in the gastric juice

A

protects cells for further digestion

46
Q

what cells make up the gastric gland

A

mucus
parietal
enteroendocrine
chief

47
Q

what is the function of the mucus secreting cells in the gastric gland

A

protect underlying cells

48
Q

what is the function of the parietal cells in the gastric gland

A

secrete acid and intrinsic factor (need for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine) only fundus and body

49
Q

what is the function of the enteroendocrine cells in the gastric gland

A

secrete hormones into blood

50
Q

what is the function of the chief cells in the gastric gland

A

secrete protein pepsinogen

51
Q

how does the capillary link to the gastric gland

A

capillary diameter changed so plasma ultrafiltered out

produce fluid to enter gastric pit, in fluid the pepsinogen, acid and intrinsic factor mix into plasma

52
Q

when are the enteroendocrine cells activated

A

when food enter stomach and stimulates gastric juice production

53
Q

what can diffuse through an inactive parietal cell

A

chloride ions

54
Q

what happens to the parietal cell when they are activated

A

they extend apical surface to long cannaliculi

55
Q

when does carbonic acid form in parietal cell and how

A

when parietal cell activate

water and carbon dioxide diffuse IN to the cell from the capillary to form carbonic acid

56
Q

what aids the formation of carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrase

57
Q

what decreases the amount of acid made after digestion

A

inhibitors

58
Q

what happens to carbonic acid produced in parietal cell

A

carbonic acid separates = hydrogen protons + bicarbonate
proton pumps in apical membrane remove hydrogen protons into lumen of gastric pit using ATP
bicarbonate diffuses OUT of cell back into circulation

59
Q

what causes basic level of gastric secretion

what mechanisms is working

A 
sight 
smell
oral stimuli
signals pass down vagal nerves, causes acetylcholine released signals to gastric pit 
neurological mechanism
60
Q

what causes full wave of gastric secretion

A

when food enters stomach, hormonal mechanism

61
Q

which are the hormones involved in gastric secretion

what types of hormones are they

A

gastrin (endocrine hormone)

histamine (paracrine hormone)

62
Q

where is gastrin released from and to

A

gastrin released from G-cells secreted into blood, (non-localised = endocrine) round body and picked up by gastric pits

63
Q

where is histamine released from and to

A

released from H-cells (very localised = paracrine) to gastric gland
further amplify gastric juice secretion

64
Q

what differs between neural and hormonal signals

A

neural - rapid but short lived

hormonal - slow but persistent

65
Q

what pH is chyme

66
Q

why cant chyme be absorbed

A

polysaccharide and protein broken into small chains (large SA:V for subsequent digestion), need to be monomers

67
Q

what is secreted into the chyme

A 
pepsin
intrinsic factor (for later B12 absorption)
68
Q

when does the stomach usually emptry

A

2-4hrs after meal

69
Q

what regulates the rate of stomach emptying

A

inhibitory signals from small intestine:

  • enterogastric reflex
  • secretin
  • cholecystokinin
70
Q

what is the enterogastric reflex

A

reflex between stomach and intestines

71
Q

when is secretin released

A

response to acid

72
Q

when is cholecystokinin released

A

response to fat

Food + Physiology (17 decks)

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