Hormones

Question 1

what does the endocrine gland do

Answer 1

secretion within body

Question 2

what does the exocrine gland do

Answer 2

deposit materials in gut or onto skin

Question 3

which gland requires ducts

Answer 3

exocrine - to get outside often have to pass down tubes e.g. tear ducts
endocrine does not require ducts as hormones can diffuse into capillary walls

Question 4

what is a hormone and what does it do

Answer 4

chemical signal that enables part of body to affect another part of the body

Question 5

where do hormones effect

Answer 5

can be close or travel far

Question 6

how much hormone is produced

Answer 6

varies in how much made, how often secreted and how long remain in blood

Question 7

what occurs when hormone and receptor interact

Answer 7

initiate chain of events inside cell

Question 8

what causes hormone production

Answer 8

response to internal stimuli

Question 9

how can hormone production be continually modified by external events

Answer 9

interconnections between nervous and endocrine systems

Question 10

which is faster

Answer 10

nervous system

Question 11

which areas do hormones and nervous system effect

Answer 11

hormones - point to general

nervous - point to point

Question 12

what type of signal is produced by hormones and nervous system

Answer 12

hormone - chemical

nervous - electrochemical and electrical

Question 13

do hormonal or nervous system interact with the external environment

Answer 13

hormone - indirectly responsive

nervous - directly responsive

Question 14

where do hormones and nervous system signals reach

Answer 14

hormone - whole body as released in blood

nervous system - localised

Question 15

what are the gut hormones

Answer 15

ghrelin
gastrin
glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
cholecystokinin 
pancreatic peptide YY (PYY)

Question 16

what do the gut hormones do

Answer 16

control:
passage of food material
appetite
regulate digestive and absorptive processes
regulate blood sugar levels

Question 17

where is ghrelin produced

Answer 17

mainly stomach

also small intestine, pancreas, brain

Question 18

what does ghrelin cause

Answer 18

stimulates appetite

promotes fat storage

Question 19

when do ghrelin levels rise

Answer 19

just before eating/fasting

Question 20

what stops ghrelin secretion

Answer 20

stretching of stomach

carbohydrates and proteins

Question 21

where is gastrin produced

Answer 21

G cells in stomach lining

upper small intestine

Question 22

when is gastrin released

Answer 22

in anticipation of eating
stretching of stomach wall
proteins in stomach
increased pH

Question 23

what does gastrin cause

Answer 23

during meal stimulates stomach to release gastric acid - break down proteins, absorb vitamins, kill bacteria
stimulates gallbladder to empty bile
stimulate pancreas to secrete enzymes
increases muscle contractions

Question 24

what stops gastrin secretion

Answer 24

lower pH - negative feedback

Question 25

where is glucagon produced

Answer 25

secreted from L-cells in small intestine and pancreas

Question 26

what causes glucagon secretion

Answer 26

biphasic manner - about 10 mins after meal triggered by neural signal - digestion starts, trigger second release, stays several hours

Question 27

what does glucagon cause

Answer 27

stimulate release of insulin from pancreas (delays glucagon release) increases feeling of fullness during and between meals via centres in brain slows stomach emptying - decreases food and water intake

Question 28

where is cholecystokinin produced

Answer 28

I-cells in duodenum lining

Question 29

when is cholecystokinin secreted

Answer 29

after a meal | in response to fatty acids and amino acids in stomach

Question 30

what does cholecystokinin cause

Answer 30

slows emptying of food from stomach stimulates bile production and release increases release of fluid and enzymes from pancreas t break fats, proteins, carbohydrates increases fullness feeling during meal

Question 31

when do cholecystokinin levels increase

Answer 31

15 minutes after meal began for 3hrs

Question 32

where is pancreatic peptide YY secreted

Answer 32

L-cells in small intestine

Question 33

when is pancreatic peptide YY secreted

Answer 33

stimulated by food presence in digestive tract (particularly fat and protein) bile and CCK

Question 34

what is the release of pancreatic peptide YY proportional to

Answer 34

amount of calories in food

Question 35

when is pancreatic peptide YY highest in body

Answer 35

2hrs after eating | steadily decline

Question 36

what does pancreatic peptide cause

Answer 36

decreases appetite slows food passing along gut - increase nutrient absorption and digestion efficiency increases water and electrolyte absorption from colon

Question 37

what are the four brain hormones

Answer 37

oxytocin endorphins dopamine serotonin

Question 38

when is oxytocin released

Answer 38

during social bonding

Question 39

when are endorphins released

Answer 39

during exercise

Question 40

what is dopamine important for

Answer 40

neurotransmitter | reward motivated behaviour

Question 41

what is serotonin important for

Answer 41

neurotransmitter | role in mood and social behviour

Question 42

what is serotonin synthesised from

Answer 42

from non-essential amino acid tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase

Question 43

where is serotonin present in the body and why

Answer 43

90% in GI tract | regulates intestinal movement

Question 44

what occurs to us if we have a lack of tryptophan

Answer 44

lack serotonin = low mood

Question 45

what is dopamine synthesised from

Answer 45

from non-essential amino acid tyrosine by tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 46

how is dopamine linked to pleasure

Answer 46

more pleasure = more dopamine

Question 47

what does dopamine cause

Answer 47

reduce insulin production from pancreas and gastrointestinal motility

Question 48

where is leptin made

Answer 48

adipose cells

Question 49

what does leptin do

Answer 49

regulate energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine function and metabolism in energy excess and energy deficiency regulate food intake by inhibiting hunger

Question 50

what causes obesity

Answer 50

leptin resistance - cant detect satiety | more sensitive to ghrelin

Question 51

what does ghrelin control

Answer 51

glucose metabolism

Question 52

what type of ghrelin is not suppressed in obese people

Answer 52

postprandial plasma ghrelin | gastric emptying not reduced

Question 53

what is the long-lasting way to prevent obesity

Answer 53

bariatric surgery

Question 54

how does bariatric surgery work

Answer 54

reduce appetite - smaller stomach - less food to be full hormone changes effect appetite and satiety

Question 55

what does leptin treatment improve

Answer 55

hyperglycemia hyperinsulinemia levels of low-density and high-density lipoprotein, cholestrol and triglycerides