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Food + Physiology > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the endocrine gland do

A

secretion within body

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2
Q

what does the exocrine gland do

A

deposit materials in gut or onto skin

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3
Q

which gland requires ducts

A

exocrine - to get outside often have to pass down tubes e.g. tear ducts
endocrine does not require ducts as hormones can diffuse into capillary walls

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4
Q

what is a hormone and what does it do

A

chemical signal that enables part of body to affect another part of the body

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5
Q

where do hormones effect

A

can be close or travel far

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6
Q

how much hormone is produced

A

varies in how much made, how often secreted and how long remain in blood

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7
Q

what occurs when hormone and receptor interact

A

initiate chain of events inside cell

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8
Q

what causes hormone production

A

response to internal stimuli

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9
Q

how can hormone production be continually modified by external events

A

interconnections between nervous and endocrine systems

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10
Q

which is faster

A

nervous system

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11
Q

which areas do hormones and nervous system effect

A

hormones - point to general

nervous - point to point

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12
Q

what type of signal is produced by hormones and nervous system

A

hormone - chemical

nervous - electrochemical and electrical

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13
Q

do hormonal or nervous system interact with the external environment

A

hormone - indirectly responsive

nervous - directly responsive

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14
Q

where do hormones and nervous system signals reach

A

hormone - whole body as released in blood

nervous system - localised

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15
Q

what are the gut hormones

A 
ghrelin
gastrin
glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
cholecystokinin 
pancreatic peptide YY (PYY)
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16
Q

what do the gut hormones do

A 
control:
passage of food material
appetite
regulate digestive and absorptive processes
regulate blood sugar levels
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17
Q

where is ghrelin produced

A

mainly stomach

also small intestine, pancreas, brain

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18
Q

what does ghrelin cause

A

stimulates appetite

promotes fat storage

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19
Q

when do ghrelin levels rise

A

just before eating/fasting

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20
Q

what stops ghrelin secretion

A

stretching of stomach

carbohydrates and proteins

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21
Q

where is gastrin produced

A

G cells in stomach lining

upper small intestine

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22
Q

when is gastrin released

A

in anticipation of eating
stretching of stomach wall
proteins in stomach
increased pH

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23
Q

what does gastrin cause

A

during meal stimulates stomach to release gastric acid - break down proteins, absorb vitamins, kill bacteria
stimulates gallbladder to empty bile
stimulate pancreas to secrete enzymes
increases muscle contractions

24
Q

what stops gastrin secretion

A

lower pH - negative feedback

25
Q

where is glucagon produced

A

secreted from L-cells in small intestine and pancreas

26
Q

what causes glucagon secretion

A

biphasic manner

  • about 10 mins after meal triggered by neural signal
  • digestion starts, trigger second release, stays several hours
27
Q

what does glucagon cause

A

stimulate release of insulin from pancreas (delays glucagon release)
increases feeling of fullness during and between meals via centres in brain
slows stomach emptying - decreases food and water intake

28
Q

where is cholecystokinin produced

A

I-cells in duodenum lining

29
Q

when is cholecystokinin secreted

A

after a meal

in response to fatty acids and amino acids in stomach

30
Q

what does cholecystokinin cause

A

slows emptying of food from stomach
stimulates bile production and release
increases release of fluid and enzymes from pancreas t break fats, proteins, carbohydrates
increases fullness feeling during meal

31
Q

when do cholecystokinin levels increase

A

15 minutes after meal began for 3hrs

32
Q

where is pancreatic peptide YY secreted

A

L-cells in small intestine

33
Q

when is pancreatic peptide YY secreted

A

stimulated by food presence in digestive tract (particularly fat and protein) bile and CCK

34
Q

what is the release of pancreatic peptide YY proportional to

A

amount of calories in food

35
Q

when is pancreatic peptide YY highest in body

A

2hrs after eating

steadily decline

36
Q

what does pancreatic peptide cause

A

decreases appetite
slows food passing along gut - increase nutrient absorption and digestion efficiency
increases water and electrolyte absorption from colon

37
Q

what are the four brain hormones

A

oxytocin
endorphins
dopamine
serotonin

38
Q

when is oxytocin released

A

during social bonding

39
Q

when are endorphins released

A

during exercise

40
Q

what is dopamine important for

A

neurotransmitter

reward motivated behaviour

41
Q

what is serotonin important for

A

neurotransmitter

role in mood and social behviour

42
Q

what is serotonin synthesised from

A

from non-essential amino acid tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase

43
Q

where is serotonin present in the body and why

A

90% in GI tract

regulates intestinal movement

44
Q

what occurs to us if we have a lack of tryptophan

A

lack serotonin = low mood

45
Q

what is dopamine synthesised from

A

from non-essential amino acid tyrosine by tyrosine hydroxylase

46
Q

how is dopamine linked to pleasure

A

more pleasure = more dopamine

47
Q

what does dopamine cause

A

reduce insulin production from pancreas and gastrointestinal motility

48
Q

where is leptin made

A

adipose cells

49
Q

what does leptin do

A

regulate energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine function and metabolism in energy excess and energy deficiency
regulate food intake by inhibiting hunger

50
Q

what causes obesity

A

leptin resistance - cant detect satiety

more sensitive to ghrelin

51
Q

what does ghrelin control

A

glucose metabolism

52
Q

what type of ghrelin is not suppressed in obese people

A

postprandial plasma ghrelin

gastric emptying not reduced

53
Q

what is the long-lasting way to prevent obesity

A

bariatric surgery

54
Q

how does bariatric surgery work

A

reduce appetite
- smaller stomach
- less food to be full
hormone changes effect appetite and satiety

55
Q

what does leptin treatment improve

A

hyperglycemia
hyperinsulinemia
levels of low-density and high-density lipoprotein, cholestrol and triglycerides

Food + Physiology (17 decks)

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