Anti-nutritional

Question 1

how may concentration affect materials - foods

Answer 1

some may be considered good at one concentration but toxic at another concentration

Question 2

can you eat organisms even if they have toxic parts

Answer 2

must not contaminate the edible part

Question 3

what happens in body when we eat raw egg

Answer 3

contains conalbumin which binds to iron

and avidin which binds to biotin

Question 4

what can also be present in raw egg

Answer 4

protease inhibitors

Question 5

what is the effect of proteins in uncooked foods

Answer 5

may lower nutritional quality of other components in the diet

Question 6

what does protease do in mammals

Answer 6

trypsin is a protease

in the duodenum trypsin catalyses peptide bond hydrolysis, break down proteins to smaller peptides

Question 7

what is an enzyme essential to humans

Answer 7

trypsin

Question 8

what proteins are often associated to plants e.g. soya beans

Answer 8

protease

and trypsin inhibitors

Question 9

what do amylases do and what can prevent it

Answer 9

break down starches

if have an inhibitor doesn’t break down as well

Question 10

what do some plants contain that prevents ‘digestion’

Answer 10

some plants contains alpha amylase inhibitors

Question 11

what lipid oxygenation catalysts do many foods contain

Answer 11

lipoxygenase

haemoproteins

Question 12

what can prevent lipid breakdown

Answer 12

lipase inhibitors

Question 13

what foods/drinks are associated with lipase inhibitors

Answer 13

wheat
tea
herbs

Question 14

what are lectins

Answer 14

carbohydrate binding proteins

Question 15

what foods are associated with lectins

Answer 15

beans
nuts
seeds
potatoes

Question 16

is lectin harmful

Answer 16

can be harmful if consumed:

• in excess
• uncooked
• improperly cooked form

Question 17

what happens when lectin containing food is cooked

Answer 17

enzymes denatured so disrupts the structure

typically doesn’t work as well

Question 18

what examples are there of causes to seafood-borne illness

Answer 18

• natural marine toxins
• vibrio species
• live molluscan shellfish
• norwalk-like viruses

Question 19

what toxin is associated with pufferfish, starfish, parrotfish
what does it do

Answer 19

tetrodotoxins

it is neurotoxin - sodium channel blocker

Question 20

what is a neurotoxin

Answer 20

sodium channel blocker
blocks pore region of voltage-gated sodium channels
prevents propagation of action potentials

Question 21

do many things contain neurotoxins

Answer 21

found in wide array of taxa

Question 22

what examples are there of mycotoxins

Answer 22

• aflatoxins
• patulin
• fursarium toxins
• ergot alkaloids

Question 23

what is a mycotoxin

Answer 23

toxic chemical made by usually fungi

Question 24

what are the two types of ergot poisoning

Answer 24

convulsive

gangrenous

Question 25

what occurs in convulsive ergot poisoning

Answer 25

``` twisting and contorting body in paint trembling shaking muscle spasms confusion delusions ```

Question 26

what occurs in gangrenous ergot poisoning

Answer 26

decreased blood flow infections in extremities loss extremities burning pain

Question 27

what crops are affected by ergot poisoning

Answer 27

rye wheat oats

Question 28

what does cassava contain

Answer 28

cyanide compounds - cyanogens

Question 29

what does this cyanogen ingestion cause

Answer 29

health problems acute intoxication goitre cretinism due to lack of iodine

Question 30

how does cyanogen cause paralysis

Answer 30

neuron damage

Question 31

what example is there of low molecular weight toxins

Answer 31

``` cyanogens glucosinolates phytic acid oxolic acid alkaloids non protein amino acids phenols and tannins ```

Question 32

what causes goitre

Answer 32

glucosinolates

Question 33

what is goitre

Answer 33

thyroid swelling

Question 34

what do glucosinolates cause

Answer 34

bitterness in cauliflower and sprouts | some may inhibit some cancer

Question 35

what do glucosinolates contain

Answer 35

sulfur | nitrogen

Question 36

what are glucosinolates derived from

Answer 36

glucose | amino acids

Question 37

what does phytic acid do

Answer 37

store phosphorus as phytic acid

Question 38

what food are associated with phytic acid

Answer 38

grains legumes phytate NOT digestable

Question 39

how does phytic acid link to minerals

Answer 39

phytates chelate minerals - zinc - iron - calcium - magnesium

Question 40

what food is associated with oxalic acid

Answer 40

rhubarb leaves

Question 41

what does oxalic acid look like

Answer 41

colourless substance

Question 42

what is oxalic acid associated with

Answer 42

products such as metal polishes, stain removers, bleaches

Question 43

what effects does oxalic acid have

Answer 43

``` abdominal pain kidney problem low blood pressure throat pain tremors ```

Question 44

what is an example of a glycoalkaloid

Answer 44

solanine

Question 45

what food is solanine associated with

Answer 45

potato | tomato

Question 46

what does solanine cause

Answer 46

gastrointestinal and neurological disorders

Question 47

what do non protein amino acids cause

Answer 47

general stiffness and weakness of skeletal muscles

Question 48

what do non protein amino acids contain

Answer 48

neurotoxin

Question 49

what are tannins

Answer 49

often astringent | bitter plant polyphenolic compounds

Question 50

what may flavonoids, phenols and tannins cause

Answer 50

chelate metals, reduce their absorption inhibit digestive enzymes bind to proteins, amino acids and cause their precipitation

Question 51

what causes flatulence

Answer 51

foods that are difficult to digest

Question 52

what happens to the undigested food

Answer 52

pass down into colon bacteria in colon break down food may produce gas - released as flatulence

Question 53

why would food be digested over a long period | what does this cause

Answer 53

if contain unabsorbable carbohydrates | slow decomposition may release sulphur gas - foul smell associated to flatulence