Brain: food perception and regulation

Question 1

what does the cerebellum do

Answer 1

integrating sensory perception

process brain responses - emotional regulation, cognitive and sensory perception - visual memory sound

Question 2

what is the largest structure in the brain

Answer 2

cerebellum

Question 3

where is the brain stem

Answer 3

connects spinal cord to brain

Question 4

which are the areas in the neurone structure

Answer 4

darker - cell body

light - myelin sheath, axon

Question 5

what happens when food is eaten - sensory

Answer 5

senses transported from receptors

transmitted then projected to primary sensory areas in brain

Question 6

what happens when taste is detected

Answer 6

detected on taste buds
signals transmitted through taste fibres to brain stem
protected to thalamus
projected then to primary taste cortex

Question 7

what happens when sight of food detected

Answer 7

detected by eye receptors then to thalamus

transmitted into visual cortex

Question 8

what is the thalamus

Answer 8

gateway to primary sensory areas

ALL EXCEPT OLFACTORY pass through thalamus

Question 9

how is the brains reward circuitry activated

Answer 9

eating
food anticipation
partly mediated by dopamine

Question 10

where is dopamine released from

Answer 10

VTA then projected to other areas in brain where dopamine receptors are

Question 11

where are the dopamine receptors

Answer 11

hippocampus
amygdala
nucleus accumbens
prefrontal cortex

Question 12

what is the hippocampus involved in

Answer 12

forming memory

Question 13

what is the amygdala involved in

Answer 13

emotion

Question 14

what is the nucleus accumbens involved in

Answer 14

positive motivation

Question 15

what is the prefrontal cortex involved in

Answer 15

cognitive and attention

Question 16

what occurs at the hypothalamus

Answer 16

metabolism integration - control appetite
receive neural and hormonal inputs from peripheral and central signalling
lots of communication between gut, stomach, brain - when to eat/stop

Question 17

what is the hypothalamus made up of

Answer 17

subdivided into several nuclei (neruones)

Question 18

what does the hypothalamus regulate

Answer 18

food balance in the body

Question 19

where is the hypothalamus

Answer 19

below the thalamus

Question 20

what is the ARC

Answer 20

arcuate nucleus

Question 21

what is the LHA

Answer 21

lateral hypothalamic area

Question 22

what is the VMN

Answer 22

ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

Question 23

what is the PVN

Answer 23

paraventricular nucleus

Question 24

what is the DMN

Answer 24

dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus

Question 25

what happens if the LHA is damaged

Answer 25

decrease in eating

Question 26

what happens if the VMN is damaged

Answer 26

increase in eating

Question 27

what are the two main forms of carbohyrdates

Answer 27

starch | sugar

Question 28

what provides the brain with energy

Answer 28

glucose can be used directly

Question 29

what is the effect that different sugars have on the brain

Answer 29

different impacts

Question 30

where is glucose stored and how is it delivered

Answer 30

neurons can't store glucose | depend on bloodstream to deliver constant supply

Question 31

what is a good diet for supplying the brain with long-time glucose, improve memory and coginition

Answer 31

fibre-rich

Question 32

what makes up most of the brains dry weight

Answer 32

fatty acids 60%

Question 33

how are fatty acids involved in the brain

Answer 33

involved in brains development, growth | affect cognitive abilities

Question 34

how is the neuronal function altered by food intake

Answer 34

fats alter nerve cell membrane and myeline sheath composition

Question 35

how much of the body is protein

Answer 35

20%

Question 36

what does protein rich food cause - hormones and their cause

Answer 36

increases - dopamine - norepinephrine affect reward, pleasure, motivation

Question 37

how is the brain studied

Answer 37

MRI is non-invasive

Question 38

how does MRI scan work

Answer 38

MRI relies on hydrogen atoms for picture of body (body 70% water) hydrogen atoms create a magnetic field

Question 39

what are the hydrogen atoms like when outside scanner

Answer 39

randomly aligned

Question 40

what are the hydrogen atoms like inside the scanner

Answer 40

aligned parallel to be in line with magnetic field

Question 41

what are the hydrogen atoms like when the RF pulse is applied

Answer 41

sends energy to protons, they change direction due to absorbed energy causes them to be perpendicular to magnetic field

Question 42

what are the hydrogen atoms like when the RF pulse is off

Answer 42

proton want to go back to original state emits energy absorbed - detected by MRI scanner form high-resolution picture

Question 43

what is a haemodynamic response

Answer 43

stimulus, neurones fire signals cause rapid increase in neuronal activity vesicles dilate, allow blood flow for more oxygenation

Question 44

what is the indirect measure of brain activity

Answer 44

haemodynamic response

Question 45

what is the direct measure of brain activity

Answer 45

measure electrical activity generated from neurones

Question 46

what is MEG and what does it do

Answer 46

measures magnetic field generated from electrical activity - direct measuring

Question 47

what is EEG

Answer 47

measure electric activity of brain

Question 48

when does the brain consume more energy

Answer 48

when the neurones are activate

Question 49

what is fMRI

Answer 49

functional magnetic resonance imaging

Question 50

what does fMRI do

Answer 50

relies on oxygenated and deoxygenated blood as they have different levels of magnetic properties can be detected by MRI scanner

Question 51

when at rest what happens in fMRI - oxygen ratios - MRI shows

Answer 51

ratio of oxygenated : deoxygenated similar | MRI silent

Question 52

during activation what happens in fMRI

Answer 52

oxygen consumed so oxygenated blood increases | increases MRI signal

Question 53

what is BOLD

Answer 53

blood oxygen level dependent

Question 54

how can we see when brain responds to taste perception

Answer 54

compare brain response during activation and rest

Question 55

what is PET

Answer 55

positron emission tomography

Question 56

what does PET do

Answer 56

observe metabolic processes in body | measures glucose metabolism following neurone activity

Question 57

why may fat be considered as a sense

Answer 57

oral fat activated, taste and somatosensory | causes brain responses

Question 58

what happens after high fat meal consumed

Answer 58

increase cholecystokinin plasma

Question 59

what happens after a high water content meal consumed

Answer 59

after 30 minutes CCK level higher, even higher after 80min

Question 60

what is CBF

Answer 60

cerebral blood flow

Question 61

what happens to CBF after a fat meal | what area of brain is affected

Answer 61

CBF decreases | satiety brain areas

Question 62

what happens to CBF after water meal | what area of the brain is affected

Answer 62

CBF increased | reward areas

Question 63

what happens when high calorie food consumed

Answer 63

high reward - significant activation in brain reward centre

Question 64

what happens when low calorie food consumed

Answer 64

lead to activation in somatosensory areas but no activation in brain reward centre

Question 65

what is the effect of body weight on brain response

Answer 65

obese have higher brain response to taste and hedonic areas

Question 66

what is the effect of omega-3 on brain structure

Answer 66

increased grey matter - memory emotion and cognition areas