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Food + Physiology > Brain: food perception and regulation > Flashcards

Brain: food perception and regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

integrating sensory perception

process brain responses - emotional regulation, cognitive and sensory perception - visual memory sound

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2
Q

what is the largest structure in the brain

A

cerebellum

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3
Q

where is the brain stem

A

connects spinal cord to brain

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4
Q

which are the areas in the neurone structure

A

darker - cell body

light - myelin sheath, axon

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5
Q

what happens when food is eaten - sensory

A

senses transported from receptors

transmitted then projected to primary sensory areas in brain

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6
Q

what happens when taste is detected

A

detected on taste buds
signals transmitted through taste fibres to brain stem
protected to thalamus
projected then to primary taste cortex

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7
Q

what happens when sight of food detected

A

detected by eye receptors then to thalamus

transmitted into visual cortex

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8
Q

what is the thalamus

A

gateway to primary sensory areas

ALL EXCEPT OLFACTORY pass through thalamus

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9
Q

how is the brains reward circuitry activated

A

eating
food anticipation
partly mediated by dopamine

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10
Q

where is dopamine released from

A

VTA then projected to other areas in brain where dopamine receptors are

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11
Q

where are the dopamine receptors

A

hippocampus
amygdala
nucleus accumbens
prefrontal cortex

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12
Q

what is the hippocampus involved in

A

forming memory

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13
Q

what is the amygdala involved in

A

emotion

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14
Q

what is the nucleus accumbens involved in

A

positive motivation

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15
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex involved in

A

cognitive and attention

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16
Q

what occurs at the hypothalamus

A

metabolism integration - control appetite
receive neural and hormonal inputs from peripheral and central signalling
lots of communication between gut, stomach, brain - when to eat/stop

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17
Q

what is the hypothalamus made up of

A

subdivided into several nuclei (neruones)

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18
Q

what does the hypothalamus regulate

A

food balance in the body

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19
Q

where is the hypothalamus

A

below the thalamus

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20
Q

what is the ARC

A

arcuate nucleus

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21
Q

what is the LHA

A

lateral hypothalamic area

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22
Q

what is the VMN

A

ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

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23
Q

what is the PVN

A

paraventricular nucleus

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24
Q

what is the DMN

A

dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus

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25
Q

what happens if the LHA is damaged

A

decrease in eating

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26
Q

what happens if the VMN is damaged

A

increase in eating

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27
Q

what are the two main forms of carbohyrdates

A

starch

sugar

28
Q

what provides the brain with energy

A

glucose can be used directly

29
Q

what is the effect that different sugars have on the brain

A

different impacts

30
Q

where is glucose stored and how is it delivered

A

neurons can’t store glucose

depend on bloodstream to deliver constant supply

31
Q

what is a good diet for supplying the brain with long-time glucose, improve memory and coginition

A

fibre-rich

32
Q

what makes up most of the brains dry weight

A

fatty acids 60%

33
Q

how are fatty acids involved in the brain

A

involved in brains development, growth

affect cognitive abilities

34
Q

how is the neuronal function altered by food intake

A

fats alter nerve cell membrane and myeline sheath composition

35
Q

how much of the body is protein

A

20%

36
Q

what does protein rich food cause - hormones and their cause

A

increases
- dopamine
- norepinephrine
affect reward, pleasure, motivation

37
Q

how is the brain studied

A

MRI is non-invasive

38
Q

how does MRI scan work

A

MRI relies on hydrogen atoms for picture of body (body 70% water)
hydrogen atoms create a magnetic field

39
Q

what are the hydrogen atoms like when outside scanner

A

randomly aligned

40
Q

what are the hydrogen atoms like inside the scanner

A

aligned parallel to be in line with magnetic field

41
Q

what are the hydrogen atoms like when the RF pulse is applied

A

sends energy to protons, they change direction due to absorbed energy
causes them to be perpendicular to magnetic field

42
Q

what are the hydrogen atoms like when the RF pulse is off

A

proton want to go back to original state
emits energy absorbed - detected by MRI scanner
form high-resolution picture

43
Q

what is a haemodynamic response

A

stimulus, neurones fire signals cause rapid increase in neuronal activity
vesicles dilate, allow blood flow for more oxygenation

44
Q

what is the indirect measure of brain activity

A

haemodynamic response

45
Q

what is the direct measure of brain activity

A

measure electrical activity generated from neurones

46
Q

what is MEG and what does it do

A

measures magnetic field generated from electrical activity - direct measuring

47
Q

what is EEG

A

measure electric activity of brain

48
Q

when does the brain consume more energy

A

when the neurones are activate

49
Q

what is fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

50
Q

what does fMRI do

A

relies on oxygenated and deoxygenated blood as they have different levels of magnetic properties
can be detected by MRI scanner

51
Q

when at rest what happens in fMRI

  • oxygen ratios
  • MRI shows
A

ratio of oxygenated : deoxygenated similar

MRI silent

52
Q

during activation what happens in fMRI

A

oxygen consumed so oxygenated blood increases

increases MRI signal

53
Q

what is BOLD

A

blood oxygen level dependent

54
Q

how can we see when brain responds to taste perception

A

compare brain response during activation and rest

55
Q

what is PET

A

positron emission tomography

56
Q

what does PET do

A

observe metabolic processes in body

measures glucose metabolism following neurone activity

57
Q

why may fat be considered as a sense

A

oral fat activated, taste and somatosensory

causes brain responses

58
Q

what happens after high fat meal consumed

A

increase cholecystokinin plasma

59
Q

what happens after a high water content meal consumed

A

after 30 minutes CCK level higher, even higher after 80min

60
Q

what is CBF

A

cerebral blood flow

61
Q

what happens to CBF after a fat meal

what area of brain is affected

A

CBF decreases

satiety brain areas

62
Q

what happens to CBF after water meal

what area of the brain is affected

A

CBF increased

reward areas

63
Q

what happens when high calorie food consumed

A

high reward - significant activation in brain reward centre

64
Q

what happens when low calorie food consumed

A

lead to activation in somatosensory areas but no activation in brain reward centre

65
Q

what is the effect of body weight on brain response

A

obese have higher brain response to taste and hedonic areas

66
Q

what is the effect of omega-3 on brain structure

A

increased grey matter - memory emotion and cognition areas

Food + Physiology (17 decks)

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