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Food + Physiology > Gut microflora > Flashcards

Gut microflora Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the gut microflora role in food

A

role in digesting food we eat and influenced by food we eat
maximise what we get out of the food

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2
Q

where is the majority of the gut microflora

A

large intestine (compartmentalised)

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3
Q

does the gut microflora cause harm

A

is a mixed colony in host - mutual benefit

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4
Q

what do the gut microflora do

A

species produce enzymes not made by the host
two main categories:
- carbohydrate degradation
- protein degradation

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5
Q

carbohydrate metabolism problem

A

portion of ingested carbohydrate not all digested in small intestine
principally starch, cellulose, hemicellulose

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6
Q

what happens during carbohydrate metabolism

A

complementary biochemical reactions carried out by different GMFs:
polysaccharide - oligosaccharide - intermediate product
then:
- liberation of short chain fatty acids - capable of absorption by large intestine
- CO2, H2, SO4 formed

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7
Q

what do GMFs metabolise

A

GMFs metabolise the ingested carbohydrate

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8
Q

what do CO2, H2, SO4 produce in carbohydrate metabolism

A

they form CH4, H2S and acetate

acetate reused in metabolism as it is a SCFA

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9
Q

where do GMFs get their nitrogen source from

A

proteins

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10
Q

why is protein so important for some GMFs

A

they use it as their source for carbon, nitrogen and energy

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11
Q

what is the problem with protein metabolism using GMF

A

breakdown of proteins by GMF makes many compounds that are potentially toxic to host

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12
Q

what examples of toxins are produces

A

phenols
ammonia
amines
indoles

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13
Q

how is GMF linked to ammonia

A

lowers ammonia concentration - incorporate into new proteins in cell growth

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14
Q

how does carbohydrate metabolism affect ammonia

A

carbohydrate metabolism stimulates ammonia uptake by GMF

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15
Q

what substrate is present in dietary components

A

exogenous substrates

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16
Q

what substrate is present in compounds produced by host

A

endogenous substrates

17
Q

what does GMF use as a nutritional source

A

endogenous substrate

18
Q

how is GMF studied in a direct culture

A

isolate and grow the GMF in lab

19
Q

what is the problem with studying GMF In a direct culture

A

not all species will be culturable

only allows relatively crude identification

20
Q

what is the simplest way to study GMFs

A

genomics
isolate genome and study
read and define genes

21
Q

what is metagenomics

A

study of genomes in entire community including non-culturable ones

22
Q

what occurs during metagenomics

A

genomes reassemble
use databases to predict functions of each gene
based on similarity to existing genes of known function

23
Q

what is the benefit of metagenomics

A

relatively cheap

24
Q

what has metagenomics shown of GMF

A

varies a lot:
between populations
depending on diet
in same individual over time

25
Q

how many microbes are present when were born

A

non were effectively sterile

simple microbiota established early

26
Q

what affects our GMF

A

maternal factors heavy influence

e.g. natural birth, c-section

27
Q

what parts of immune system need to be in balance

what happens if not balanced

A

Th1 and Th2 cells

  • too much Th1 activity = excessive tissue inflammation
  • too much Th2 activity = onset of allergy/autoimmune (AI) disorders
28
Q

how does GMF show pathogen resistance

A

is the first line of defence against pathogens healthy stable GMF resists colonisation by:
pathogenic bacteria
beneficial bacteria

29
Q

what is the influence of a soy-rich diet on health

A

lower cardiovascular disease, prostate cancer, osteoporosis

30
Q

how does a soy diet and GMF affect body

A

(S-(-)equol) compound made by GMF catalysed reaction
NOT A HUMAN ENZYME
less western people produce this

31
Q

can e.g. stress affect out gut

what could mediate this

A

clinical link between stress disorders and GI disorders e.g. IBS
SCFAs as a possible mediator

32
Q

what are the observed changes in test when mice were without GMF

A 
nervous system fail to develop
abnormal neurotransmission
behavioural changes - stress
intestinal transit become slow
memory problems
33
Q

how does metagenomics show a link between obesity and GMFs

A

obese have much less species diversity

a particular GMF can lead to obesity

34
Q

what can help restore unhealthy GMF

A

bacteriotherapy
prebiotics
probiotics

Food + Physiology (17 decks)

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