Principles of MSK anatomy Flashcards by Rosabelle Manton

skeletal function? (4)

supports the body against gravity
allow movement within environment
protect soft parts (ribs)
site of haematopoisis
mineral homeostasis

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ways of classifying bones? (3)

topologically
formation/growth
by shape

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how do you classify bones topologically?

cranial and postcranial
axial and appendicular

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how do you classify bones via formation/growth?

endochondral and intramembranous bones

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how do you classify bones by shape?

long (femur)
short (carpal bones)
flat (bones of skull)

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which are the irregular/hard to classify bones?

sesamoid bones
Os penis/clitoris (carnivores)
Ossa cordis of the heart (cattle)

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examples of long bones?

humerus, fibula, metacarpals`

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what is the long bone?

typical ‘limb’ bone
cylindrical

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what is the long bone formed from?

formed from 3 endochondral ossification centres

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growth plates AKA?

physis

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Diaphysis?

middle (of long bone)

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Epiphysis?

end (of long bone)

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Metaphysis?

where the middle and end meet and it contains the physis AKA growth plate

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Periosteum?

tough fibrous and cellular membrane surround bone
osteogenic/healing function

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Compact/cortical bone?

outer edge location

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Spongy/cancellous bone

internal location
trabecular pattern
contains bone marrow

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medullary cavity?

scooped out/hollow space/cavity that is filled with bone marrow and no spongy bone

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chocolate?

compact bone

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‘crunchy bit’

spongy bone

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air of crunchie analogy

bone marrow or fat

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condyle?

a knuckle shaped articular surface

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epicondyle?

a little lump near to condyle - prominence just proximal to a condyle

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epi?

next to/near

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head?

a rounded articular surface

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trochanter?

large blunt process; specific to femur

tubercle?

small rounded prominence (e.g. greater tubercle of humerus)

tuberosity/tuber?

large roughened process

crest?

raised border or ridge

foramen?

a hole going through the bone

fossa?

a hollow on the surface

facet?

smooth flat surface (often articular e.g. facets of vertebrae)

3 kinds of muscle?

striated, smooth and cardiac

muscle consist of many?

fascicles

what do fascicles consist of?

many muscle cells, sometimes called muscle fibres

endomysium?

fibres wrapped in connective tissue

what are fascicles wrapped in?

perimysium

what are muscles wrapped in?

epimysium

what is collectively known as the fascia?

the connective tissue (endo-, peri-, epi- mysium) within found within and around

where can the connective tissues merge?

they can merge at the end of the muscle 'belly' and continue as tendon or aponeurosis, attaching to bones or other muscle bellies

muscles can also attach 'directly' to what?

bone

stretch of tendon is good for?

elastic storage energy - horses use this energy a great deal

what are tendons composed of?

collagen fibre bundles in regular arrangement

what are tendons arranged in?

in primary, secondary and tertiary collagen fibre bundles

describe the strength of tendons?

great tensile strength; transmit forces

metabolic needs of tendons?

low metabolic needs (poor vascularisation but slow to heal)

aponeurosis?

just a wide, flat tendon

tendons show modification in order to protect against?

pressure/friction

ossification/chrondrification of the tendon forms what?

a wedge of bone or cartilage

tendons - sacs?

like pillows - sacs/tubes containing cavities filled with synovial fluid and with synovial lining

tendons connect?

muscle to bone

ligaments connect?

bone to bone

types of ligaments?

white or yellow ligaments

white ligaments?

rich in collagen fibres not very elastic (around knee)

yellow ligaments?

lots of elastic fibres (e.g. spine, pelvis, nuchal ligament)

types of muscle fibres arrangement?

parallel and pennate fibre arrangement and these can have different abilities

pennate arranement?

muscle fibres inserting at an angle on a central tendon

pennate muscle examples?

bipennate multipennate, circumpennate)

parallel muscles example?

fusiform, strap, fan-shaped

length of fibres in pennate muscles?

generally shorter fibres so less muscle shortening

length of fibres in parallel muscles?

longer fibres = more muscle shortening

muscle fibre contraction types?

concentric contraction eccentric contraction isometric contraction

concentric contraction?

muscle shortens

eccentric contraction?

muscle lengthens

isometric contraction?

muscle stays the same length

in which 4 different ways can muscles act?

motors brakes springs stabiliser (fixators/struts)

an agonist?

responsible for a joint rotation - e.g. biceps brachii is an agonist for elbow flexion

an antagonist?

opposes the rotation caused by the agonist

muscle attachments are named as?

origins or insertions

origin? (muscle attachment)

most proximal or central

insertion? muscle attachment

distal or peripheral

uniarticular?

muscles can cross one joint

biarticular?

muscles can cross two joints

what is muscle colour affected by?

by the amount of myoglobin, capillaries and mitochondria

muscle fibres categorised into how many types? what are they?

2 - Type I (slow oxidative), Type II

Type II is divided into 2 firter subtypes, what are they?

Type IIa (fast oxidative) Type IIb (fast glycolytic)

oxidative fibres?

have lots of myoglobin, good capillary supply and many mitochondria = darker appearance 'red muscle' vs. white muscle

mobility of a joint depends on?

the shape of the bones and the ligaments connecting them

what are the seven morphological types of synovial joints?

plane hinge pivot condylar ellipsoid ball-and-socket saddle

translation?

no centre of rotation, movement in a linear direction

at most joints, translation is...

minor at most joints

translation:

craniocaudal mediolateral proximodistal

rotation?

flexion/extension adduction/abduction pronation/supination

flexion/extension of joint?

rotation around the mediolateral axis

flexion?

bending, reduction of angle between segments

extension?

straightening, increasing the angle

abduction/adduction?

rotation around the craniocaudal axis

abduction?

taking away from midline/body

adduction?

brining towards midline/body

pronation/supination?

rotation around the proximodistal axis AKA internal or external rotation of the limb

pronation/internal rotation?

lateral surface rotated inwards

supination/external rotation?

medial surface rotated outwards

circumduction?

flexion-extension + abduction-adduction some combined movements have specific names

plane joint?

two flat surfaces translation, no real rotational movements e.g. articular processes of equine cervial vertebrae

Hinge joint?

cylindrical surface and corresponding receiving surface

corresponding/receiving surface?

concave and convex surface