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Structure & Function 3 > Principles of MSK anatomy > Flashcards

Principles of MSK anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal function? (4)

A

supports the body against gravity
allow movement within environment
protect soft parts (ribs)
site of haematopoisis
mineral homeostasis

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2
Q

ways of classifying bones? (3)

A

topologically
formation/growth
by shape

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3
Q

how do you classify bones topologically?

A

cranial and postcranial
axial and appendicular

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4
Q

how do you classify bones via formation/growth?

A

endochondral and intramembranous bones

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5
Q

how do you classify bones by shape?

A

long (femur)
short (carpal bones)
flat (bones of skull)

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6
Q

which are the irregular/hard to classify bones?

A

sesamoid bones
Os penis/clitoris (carnivores)
Ossa cordis of the heart (cattle)

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7
Q

examples of long bones?

A

humerus, fibula, metacarpals`

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8
Q

what is the long bone?

A

typical ‘limb’ bone
cylindrical

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9
Q

what is the long bone formed from?

A

formed from 3 endochondral ossification centres

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10
Q

growth plates AKA?

A

physis

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11
Q

Diaphysis?

A

middle (of long bone)

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12
Q

Epiphysis?

A

end (of long bone)

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13
Q

Metaphysis?

A

where the middle and end meet and it contains the physis AKA growth plate

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14
Q

Periosteum?

A

tough fibrous and cellular membrane surround bone
osteogenic/healing function

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15
Q

Compact/cortical bone?

A

outer edge location

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16
Q

Spongy/cancellous bone

A

internal location
trabecular pattern
contains bone marrow

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17
Q

medullary cavity?

A

scooped out/hollow space/cavity that is filled with bone marrow and no spongy bone

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18
Q

chocolate?

A

compact bone

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19
Q

‘crunchy bit’

A

spongy bone

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20
Q

air of crunchie analogy

A

bone marrow or fat

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21
Q

condyle?

A

a knuckle shaped articular surface

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22
Q

epicondyle?

A

a little lump near to condyle - prominence just proximal to a condyle

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23
Q

epi?

A

next to/near

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24
Q

head?

A

a rounded articular surface

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25
Q

trochanter?

A

large blunt process; specific to femur

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26
Q

tubercle?

A

small rounded prominence (e.g. greater tubercle of humerus)

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27
Q

tuberosity/tuber?

A

large roughened process

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28
Q

crest?

A

raised border or ridge

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29
Q

foramen?

A

a hole going through the bone

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30
Q

fossa?

A

a hollow on the surface

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31
Q

facet?

A

smooth flat surface (often articular e.g. facets of vertebrae)

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32
Q

3 kinds of muscle?

A

striated, smooth and cardiac

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33
Q

muscle consist of many?

A

fascicles

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34
Q

what do fascicles consist of?

A

many muscle cells, sometimes called muscle fibres

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35
Q

endomysium?

A

fibres wrapped in connective tissue

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36
Q

what are fascicles wrapped in?

A

perimysium

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37
Q

what are muscles wrapped in?

A

epimysium

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38
Q

what is collectively known as the fascia?

A

the connective tissue (endo-, peri-, epi- mysium) within found within and around

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39
Q

where can the connective tissues merge?

A

they can merge at the end of the muscle ‘belly’ and continue as tendon or aponeurosis, attaching to bones or other muscle bellies

40
Q

muscles can also attach ‘directly’ to what?

41
Q

stretch of tendon is good for?

A

elastic storage energy - horses use this energy a great deal

42
Q

what are tendons composed of?

A

collagen fibre bundles in regular arrangement

43
Q

what are tendons arranged in?

A

in primary, secondary and tertiary collagen fibre bundles

44
Q

describe the strength of tendons?

A

great tensile strength; transmit forces

45
Q

metabolic needs of tendons?

A

low metabolic needs (poor vascularisation but slow to heal)

46
Q

aponeurosis?

A

just a wide, flat tendon

47
Q

tendons show modification in order to protect against?

A

pressure/friction

48
Q

ossification/chrondrification of the tendon forms what?

A

a wedge of bone or cartilage

49
Q

tendons - sacs?

A

like pillows - sacs/tubes containing cavities filled with synovial fluid and with synovial lining

50
Q

tendons connect?

A

muscle to bone

51
Q

ligaments connect?

A

bone to bone

52
Q

types of ligaments?

A

white or yellow ligaments

53
Q

white ligaments?

A

rich in collagen fibres not very elastic (around knee)

54
Q

yellow ligaments?

A

lots of elastic fibres (e.g. spine, pelvis, nuchal ligament)

55
Q

types of muscle fibres arrangement?

A

parallel and pennate fibre arrangement and these can have different abilities

56
Q

pennate arranement?

A

muscle fibres inserting at an angle on a central tendon

57
Q

pennate muscle examples?

A

bipennate multipennate, circumpennate)

58
Q

parallel muscles example?

A

fusiform, strap, fan-shaped

59
Q

length of fibres in pennate muscles?

A

generally shorter fibres so less muscle shortening

60
Q

length of fibres in parallel muscles?

A

longer fibres = more muscle shortening

61
Q

muscle fibre contraction types?

A

concentric contraction
eccentric contraction
isometric contraction

62
Q

concentric contraction?

A

muscle shortens

63
Q

eccentric contraction?

A

muscle lengthens

64
Q

isometric contraction?

A

muscle stays the same length

65
Q

in which 4 different ways can muscles act?

A

motors
brakes
springs
stabiliser (fixators/struts)

66
Q

an agonist?

A

responsible for a joint rotation - e.g. biceps brachii is an agonist for elbow flexion

67
Q

an antagonist?

A

opposes the rotation caused by the agonist

68
Q

muscle attachments are named as?

A

origins or insertions

69
Q

origin? (muscle attachment)

A

most proximal or central

70
Q

insertion? muscle attachment

A

distal or peripheral

71
Q

uniarticular?

A

muscles can cross one joint

72
Q

biarticular?

A

muscles can cross two joints

73
Q

what is muscle colour affected by?

A

by the amount of myoglobin, capillaries and mitochondria

74
Q

muscle fibres categorised into how many types? what are they?

A

2 - Type I (slow oxidative), Type II

75
Q

Type II is divided into 2 firter subtypes, what are they?

A

Type IIa (fast oxidative)
Type IIb (fast glycolytic)

76
Q

oxidative fibres?

A

have lots of myoglobin, good capillary supply and many mitochondria = darker appearance
‘red muscle’ vs. white muscle

77
Q

mobility of a joint depends on?

A

the shape of the bones and the ligaments connecting them

78
Q

what are the seven morphological types of synovial joints?

A

plane
hinge
pivot
condylar
ellipsoid
ball-and-socket
saddle

79
Q

translation?

A

no centre of rotation, movement in a linear direction

80
Q

at most joints, translation is…

A

minor at most joints

81
Q

translation:

A

craniocaudal
mediolateral
proximodistal

82
Q

rotation?

A

flexion/extension
adduction/abduction
pronation/supination

83
Q

flexion/extension of joint?

A

rotation around the mediolateral axis

84
Q

flexion?

A

bending, reduction of angle between segments

85
Q

extension?

A

straightening, increasing the angle

86
Q

abduction/adduction?

A

rotation around the craniocaudal axis

87
Q

abduction?

A

taking away from midline/body

88
Q

adduction?

A

brining towards midline/body

89
Q

pronation/supination?

A

rotation around the proximodistal axis
AKA internal or external rotation of the limb

90
Q

pronation/internal rotation?

A

lateral surface rotated inwards

91
Q

supination/external rotation?

A

medial surface rotated outwards

92
Q

circumduction?

A

flexion-extension + abduction-adduction
some combined movements have specific names

93
Q

plane joint?

A

two flat surfaces
translation, no real rotational movements
e.g. articular processes of equine cervial vertebrae

94
Q

Hinge joint?

A

cylindrical surface and corresponding receiving surface

95
Q

corresponding/receiving surface?

A

concave and convex surface

Structure & Function 3 (9 decks)

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