Principles of MSK anatomy Flashcards
skeletal function? (4)
supports the body against gravity
allow movement within environment
protect soft parts (ribs)
site of haematopoisis
mineral homeostasis
ways of classifying bones? (3)
topologically
formation/growth
by shape
how do you classify bones topologically?
cranial and postcranial
axial and appendicular
how do you classify bones via formation/growth?
endochondral and intramembranous bones
how do you classify bones by shape?
long (femur)
short (carpal bones)
flat (bones of skull)
which are the irregular/hard to classify bones?
sesamoid bones
Os penis/clitoris (carnivores)
Ossa cordis of the heart (cattle)
examples of long bones?
humerus, fibula, metacarpals`
what is the long bone?
typical ‘limb’ bone
cylindrical
what is the long bone formed from?
formed from 3 endochondral ossification centres
growth plates AKA?
physis
Diaphysis?
middle (of long bone)
Epiphysis?
end (of long bone)
Metaphysis?
where the middle and end meet and it contains the physis AKA growth plate
Periosteum?
tough fibrous and cellular membrane surround bone
osteogenic/healing function
Compact/cortical bone?
outer edge location
Spongy/cancellous bone
internal location
trabecular pattern
contains bone marrow
medullary cavity?
scooped out/hollow space/cavity that is filled with bone marrow and no spongy bone
chocolate?
compact bone
‘crunchy bit’
spongy bone
air of crunchie analogy
bone marrow or fat
condyle?
a knuckle shaped articular surface
epicondyle?
a little lump near to condyle - prominence just proximal to a condyle
epi?
next to/near
head?
a rounded articular surface
trochanter?
large blunt process; specific to femur
tubercle?
small rounded prominence (e.g. greater tubercle of humerus)
tuberosity/tuber?
large roughened process
crest?
raised border or ridge
foramen?
a hole going through the bone
fossa?
a hollow on the surface
facet?
smooth flat surface (often articular e.g. facets of vertebrae)
3 kinds of muscle?
striated, smooth and cardiac
muscle consist of many?
fascicles
what do fascicles consist of?
many muscle cells, sometimes called muscle fibres
endomysium?
fibres wrapped in connective tissue
what are fascicles wrapped in?
perimysium
what are muscles wrapped in?
epimysium
what is collectively known as the fascia?
the connective tissue (endo-, peri-, epi- mysium) within found within and around
where can the connective tissues merge?
they can merge at the end of the muscle ‘belly’ and continue as tendon or aponeurosis, attaching to bones or other muscle bellies
muscles can also attach ‘directly’ to what?
bone
stretch of tendon is good for?
elastic storage energy - horses use this energy a great deal
what are tendons composed of?
collagen fibre bundles in regular arrangement
what are tendons arranged in?
in primary, secondary and tertiary collagen fibre bundles
describe the strength of tendons?
great tensile strength; transmit forces
metabolic needs of tendons?
low metabolic needs (poor vascularisation but slow to heal)
aponeurosis?
just a wide, flat tendon
tendons show modification in order to protect against?
pressure/friction
ossification/chrondrification of the tendon forms what?
a wedge of bone or cartilage
tendons - sacs?
like pillows - sacs/tubes containing cavities filled with synovial fluid and with synovial lining
tendons connect?
muscle to bone
ligaments connect?
bone to bone
types of ligaments?
white or yellow ligaments
white ligaments?
rich in collagen fibres not very elastic (around knee)
yellow ligaments?
lots of elastic fibres (e.g. spine, pelvis, nuchal ligament)
types of muscle fibres arrangement?
parallel and pennate fibre arrangement and these can have different abilities
pennate arranement?
muscle fibres inserting at an angle on a central tendon
pennate muscle examples?
bipennate multipennate, circumpennate)
parallel muscles example?
fusiform, strap, fan-shaped
length of fibres in pennate muscles?
generally shorter fibres so less muscle shortening
length of fibres in parallel muscles?
longer fibres = more muscle shortening
muscle fibre contraction types?
concentric contraction
eccentric contraction
isometric contraction
concentric contraction?
muscle shortens
eccentric contraction?
muscle lengthens
isometric contraction?
muscle stays the same length
in which 4 different ways can muscles act?
motors
brakes
springs
stabiliser (fixators/struts)
an agonist?
responsible for a joint rotation - e.g. biceps brachii is an agonist for elbow flexion
an antagonist?
opposes the rotation caused by the agonist
muscle attachments are named as?
origins or insertions
origin? (muscle attachment)
most proximal or central
insertion? muscle attachment
distal or peripheral
uniarticular?
muscles can cross one joint
biarticular?
muscles can cross two joints
what is muscle colour affected by?
by the amount of myoglobin, capillaries and mitochondria
muscle fibres categorised into how many types? what are they?
2 - Type I (slow oxidative), Type II
Type II is divided into 2 firter subtypes, what are they?
Type IIa (fast oxidative)
Type IIb (fast glycolytic)
oxidative fibres?
have lots of myoglobin, good capillary supply and many mitochondria = darker appearance
‘red muscle’ vs. white muscle
mobility of a joint depends on?
the shape of the bones and the ligaments connecting them
what are the seven morphological types of synovial joints?
plane
hinge
pivot
condylar
ellipsoid
ball-and-socket
saddle
translation?
no centre of rotation, movement in a linear direction
at most joints, translation is…
minor at most joints
translation:
craniocaudal
mediolateral
proximodistal
rotation?
flexion/extension
adduction/abduction
pronation/supination
flexion/extension of joint?
rotation around the mediolateral axis
flexion?
bending, reduction of angle between segments
extension?
straightening, increasing the angle
abduction/adduction?
rotation around the craniocaudal axis
abduction?
taking away from midline/body
adduction?
brining towards midline/body
pronation/supination?
rotation around the proximodistal axis
AKA internal or external rotation of the limb
pronation/internal rotation?
lateral surface rotated inwards
supination/external rotation?
medial surface rotated outwards
circumduction?
flexion-extension + abduction-adduction
some combined movements have specific names
plane joint?
two flat surfaces
translation, no real rotational movements
e.g. articular processes of equine cervial vertebrae
Hinge joint?
cylindrical surface and corresponding receiving surface
corresponding/receiving surface?
concave and convex surface
