CV and RESP system Flashcards

1
Q

how does the early embryo access nutrients and oxygen and get rid of waste products?

A

through placenta

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2
Q

what does the heart form from?

A

from mesoderm around 18 to 19 days after fertilisation

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3
Q

3 germ layers of heart are?

A

ectoderm (top)
mesoderm (middle)
endoderm (bottom)

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4
Q

cardiogenic area or plate?

A

within mesoderm, a horseshoe-shaped area develops

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5
Q

where does the cardiogenic plate move to?

A

moves ventral to the pharynx as the head process grows upward and outward

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6
Q

what is the cardiogenic plate formed from?

A

from cardiac myoblasts and blood islands (forerunners of blood cells and vessels)

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7
Q

within each side of the cardiogenic area, what forms?

A

an endocardial tube forms (lined by endothelial cells)

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8
Q

where do the endocardial tubes fuse?

A

they fuse midway along their length, forming the tubular heart or cardiac tube
a single tube is formed with an arterial and a venous end

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9
Q

atria are the?

A

blood receiving chambers

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10
Q

ventricles are the?

A

blood pumping chambers

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11
Q

what is the auricle?

A

it is the blind ear-shaped pouch of the atrium

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12
Q

as endocardial tube lengthens, what happens?

A

it loops on itself
this puts the bulbus cordis (right ventricle) beside the ventricle (left) and the atrium dorsal to the ventricle

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13
Q

what happens to the venous return during morphogenesis?

A

it is shifted to the right
the larger right sinus venosus becomes the right atrium (embryonic atrium becomes auricles)
the smaller left sinus venosus joins the future right atrium as the coronary sinus venosus

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14
Q

describe the formation of cardiac chambers:

A

partitions form a 4-chambered organ. The septa that form:
divide the atrium and ventricle (cardiac cushions/septum intermedium)
divide the atrium (septum primum and secundum)
divide the ventricle (interventricular septum)
divide the outflow tracts (aortico-pulmonary septum)

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15
Q

Why is it relevant that the foramen secundum forms BEFORE the foramen primum
closes?

A

so we can create valve
you have two septums

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16
Q

formation of aorta and pulmonary valves:

A

form from swellings of sub-endothelial mesenchymal tissue
then remodelled to form thin walled cusps

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17
Q

formation of the A-V valves?

A

form from the proliferation of mesenchymal tissue at the rim of the AV opening, attached to the myocardium
valves remodeled, but remain anchored by muscular strands to the ventricular walls

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18
Q

formation of blood vessels: how many stages?

A

2 stages

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19
Q

what are the two stages for the formation of the blood vessels?

A

vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

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20
Q

vasculogenesis?

A

formation of blood vessels form blood islands
vessel formation happens when island vesicles coalesce, sprout buds and fuse to form vascular channels

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21
Q

angiogenesis?

A

budding of new vessels from existing vessels
begins with blood island formation in splanchnic mesoderm of the yolk sac and allantois

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22
Q

formation of aortic arches?

A

bilaterally, ventral & dorsal aortae are connected by up to six aortic arches

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23
Q

what is the first aortic arch?

A

the cranial fusion between dorsal aortae and cardiac tubes becomes the 1st aortic arches
in total - 6 pairs of aortic arches will develop

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24
Q

what does the aortic arch give rise to?

A

gives rise to major vascular structures

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25
Q

3rd aortic arches formation?

A

internal and common carotid arteries

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26
Q

left 4th aortic arch formation?

A

definitive aortic arch

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27
Q

right 4th aortic arch formation?

A

proximal part of right subclavian artery

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28
Q

6th aortic arches formation?

A

pulmonary arteries (and ductus arteriosus)

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29
Q

what are foetal shunts?

A

allow blood to bypass the lungs and liver

30
Q

give examples of foetal shunts?

A

foramen ovale (between right and left atria)
ductus arteriosus (between pulmonary trunk and aorta)
Ductus venosus (between umbilical vein and caudal vena cava)

31
Q

where does the respiratory diverticulum arise from?

A

from foregut endoderm and goes on to form:
epithelial lining of trachea
larynx
bronchi and alveoli

32
Q

where does the lung bud from?

A

from the left and right principal bronchi - which divide into ever-smaller branches, down to alveolar ducts and alveoli

33
Q

what are lungs filled with during development?

A

filled with fluid during development
mostly glandular secretions, some amniotic fluid

34
Q

foetal cardiovascular system consist of?

A

two large left and right umbilical arteries
and the umbilical vein

35
Q

location of two large left and right umbilical arteries?

A

extending from the caudal end of the abdominal aorta

36
Q

umbilical vein - where does it go?

A

after passing through the capillary bed in the placentae
this highly oxygenated blood returning from placentae to the umbilical vein bypasses liver sinusoids - ductus venosus

37
Q

how does foetal heart allow blood to bypass lungs?

A

foramen ovale - between the two atria
ductus arteriosus - between the aorta and pulmonary trunk
(in foetus pressure in the right side is greater than left)

38
Q

what is tetralogy of fallot?

A

malformation of aortico-pulmonary septum (enlarged aorta and pulmonary stenosis) + ventricular septal defect

39
Q

what are common congenital conditions?

A

inter-atrial septal defects (e.g. patent foramen ovale)
inter-ventricular septal defects
congenital venous shunts (e.g. persistent ductus venosus)
vascular ring anomalies (e.g. persistent or additional aortic arches)
pulmonary or aortic stenosis
abnormal positioning of the heart (e.g. ectopic heart in the neck - Ectopia cordis)

40
Q

What are the different parts of the heart tube?

A

truncus arteriosus
bulbus cordis
ventricle
atrium
sinus venosus

41
Q

what does the truncus arteriosus part of the heart tube develop into?

A

it develops into aorta and pulmonary trunk

42
Q

what part of the heart does the bulbus cordis part of the heart tube develop into?

A

right ventricle

43
Q

what part of the heart does the ventricle part of the heart tube develop into?

A

the left ventricle

44
Q

what part of the heart tube does the atrium of the heart tube develop into?

A

cranial portion of both left and right atria/auricles

45
Q

what part of the heart does the sinus venosus part of the heart tube develop into?

A

remains bifurcated, a paired area where veins drain
larger right sinus venosus and smaller left sinus venosus
It develops into the caudal portion of right atrium

46
Q

what are the cardiac cushions?

A

at the atrioventricular region, two masses of cardiac mesenchymal tissue form

47
Q

what happens to the cardiac cushions?

A

they extend towards each other and fuse

48
Q

what do the fused cushions form?

A

they form the septum intermedium

49
Q

what does the septum intermedium do?

A

it separates the atrio-ventricular canal into right and left atrio-ventricular openings

50
Q

what is the primary septum?

A

it is a membranous fold that grows down from the dorsal wall of the atrium towards the endocardial cushions

51
Q

what does the primary septum divide?

A

it divides into left and right atria

52
Q

what is the primary foramen?

A

it is when the primary septum leaves a small hole near the cushions that will eventually close

53
Q

before the primary foramen closes - what happens?

A

before it closes, a second hole forms in the primary septum via apoptosis (secondary foramen)

54
Q

what is the secondary septum?

A

it grows from the cranial wall of the right atrium toward the caudal wall

55
Q

what is the foramen ovale?

A

the septum remains incomplete and its free edge forms the boundary of an opening - called the foramen ovale

56
Q

what does the primary septum act like?

A

it acts like a valve against the muscular secondary septum

57
Q

what do the expanded part of the bulbus cordis and the ventricle form?

A

they form a common chamber

58
Q

what are the ventricles marked by externally?

A

they are marked by a groove (the interventricular sulcus)

59
Q

internally, what are the ventricles marked by?

A

they are marked by a fold (primordial interventricular septum)

60
Q

what does the embryonic ventricle develop into?

A

into the left ventricle

61
Q

what does the embryonic bulbus cordis develop into?

A

into the right ventricle

62
Q

as the ventricles expand, what happens to the interventricular septum?

A

the interventricular septum elongates towards endocardial cushions

63
Q

what contributes to proper closure of the interventricular septum?

A

growths from the spiral septum and endocardial cushions both contribute to proper closure of the interventricular septum

64
Q

what does the truncus divide to form?

A

it divides to form two outflow tracts

65
Q

what are the two outflow tracts that the truncus arteriosus divides to form?

A

the aortic trunk and pulmonary trunk

66
Q

what is the spiral septum?

A

this is when ridges appear along the lumen wall, they grow inward and merge to create the spiral septum (aortico-pulmonary septum)

67
Q

what happens as a result of the spiral septum?

A

the aorta and pulmonary trunk spiral around one another

68
Q

what contributes to proper closure of the interventricular septum?

A

growths from the spiral septum and endocardial cushions both contribute to proper closure of the interventricular system

69
Q

what aortae develop in the embryo?

A

paired ventral and dorsal aortae develop in the embryo

70
Q

due to embryo folding, what happens to the dorsal aorta?

A

the dorsal aorta ends up dorsal to the cardiac tube

71
Q

where do the paired ventral aorta receive blood from in order to what?

A

from truncus arteriosus fuse to form the the adult braciocephalic trunk