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Structure & Function 3 > MSK Anatomy of Head and Forelimb > Flashcards

MSK Anatomy of Head and Forelimb Flashcards

1
Q

what is the skull composed of?

A

many (mostly paired) bones

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2
Q

what are the bones of the skull divided into?

A

into bones of the cranium and the face

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3
Q

all bones of the skull are formed of what?

A

formed of separate centres of ossification

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4
Q

endochondral?

A

these are the the bones of the ventral part of the cranium

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5
Q

intramembranous bones?

A

these are the dorsal parts and facial bones

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6
Q

sutures?

A

immovable, fibrous joint between the skull bones

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7
Q

what happens to sutures eventually?

A

they will ossify and be filled with bone eventually

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8
Q

what do sutures allow?

A

the bones to deform while remaining connected (e.g. during birth)
allow stress absorption
bone growth

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9
Q

feature of the mandible?

A

several mental foramina
mandibular foramen
coronoid process
angular process
masseteric and pterygoid fossae

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10
Q

what is the mandible composed of?

A

of the body (horizontal part) and ramus (vertical part)

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11
Q

where are two mandibular bones joined?

A

joined at by the mandibular symphysis at the midline

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12
Q

TMJ?

A

the temporomandibular joint

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13
Q

TMJ?

A

between the condyles of the mandible and the mandibular fossae of the temporal bones
synovial condylar joint that can act as sliding hinge

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14
Q

describe the joint capsule of TMJ?

A

it is loose and the lateral side is strengthened to form a lateral ligament
A fibrous articular disc lies between the two articular surfaces, smooths the motion

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15
Q

mandibular symphysis?

A

cartilaginous joint joining the left and right mandibular bones
little movement

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16
Q

depending on species the joint of the head (mandibular symphysis) may fuse when?

A

may fuse with age ( joined by bone) or remain open

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17
Q

auditory ossicles?

A

3 tiny bones of the middle ear

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18
Q

function of auditory ossicles?

A

transmit and amplify sound

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19
Q

what joins the auditory ossicles?

A

joined by synovial joints to form chain

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20
Q

what holds the auditory ossicles in place?

A

ligaments

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21
Q

what are the muscles of facial expression innervated by?

A

by the facial nerve (cranial nerve 7)

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22
Q

name 5 facial muscles?

A
  • Orbicularis oris(oooooooo! muscle)
    *Levatornasolabialis(raise lips)
    *Buccinator (cheek)
    *Orbicularis oculi
    *Auricular muscles (moving the external ear)
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23
Q

What innervates the tongue?

A

hyperglossal

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24
Q

muscles of mastication innervated by?

A

by the mandibular branches of the Trigeminal nerve (CN5)

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25
Q

muscles needed for closing of the mouth?

A

masseter
temporalise
pterygoids (medial and lateral)

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26
Q

opening of the mouth muscle?

A

digastricus

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27
Q

differences between horses and dogs in masticatory muscle proportions?

A

horses - large masseter and pterygoids, reduced temporalis
dogs - huge temporalis muscle

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28
Q

forelimb consists of what bones?

A

scapula
humerus
radius/ulna
carpal bones
metacarpal bones
phalanges

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29
Q

scapula?

A

flat triangular bone

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30
Q

scapula location?

A

held flat against thoracic wall

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31
Q

dorsal border of scapula topped by?

A

cartilage

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32
Q

feature of the medial side of the scapula?

A

shallow fossa

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33
Q

lateral side of scapula?

A

spine, acromion at distal spine (not in horse/pig)
supra + infraspinous fossa

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34
Q

glenoid cavity of scapula?

A

articulation with humerus

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35
Q

supraglenoid tubercle of scapula?

A

origin of biceps brachii muscle

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36
Q

what animal is the dorsal border topped by cartilage more extensive?

A

in horses and cattle

37
Q

in which animal is the acromion of the scapula absent in?

A

in the pig

38
Q

additional flattned hamate process of acromion in what animal - scapula?

39
Q

in scapula - suprahamate process in?

40
Q

humeral condyle?

A

articulates with radius and ulna
capitulum&raquo_space; radius
trochlear&raquo_space; ulna

41
Q

2 bones make up the? (radiu/ulna)

A

antebrachium

42
Q

spatial relationship of the ulna and radius?

A

proximally? ulna caudal to radius
distally? ulna lateral to radius

43
Q

radius?

A

simple rod shape , thicker than ulna
proximal facet articulate with humeral condyle
cranial surface of distal extremity is grooved, allows passage of extensor tendons

44
Q

ulna?

A

olecranon process = point of the elbow; important level for triceps muscles
styloid process at distal extremity articulate with carpal bones

45
Q

proximal ulna?

A

trochlear notch fits over humeral condyle
proximal part = anconeal process (involved in elbow dysplasia in dogs)
distal parts = medial and lateral coronoid process

46
Q

radoiulna?

A

radius and ulna fused in ungulate (horses, ruminants)
pro

47
Q

carpals structure?

A

proximal and distal row
proximal (radial and ulna etc)
distal (numbered according to digit)
species variation - pigs have all of them

48
Q

metacarpals?

A

distally articulate with phalanges
varying number
proximal/dorsal ‘bump’ - metacarpal tuberosity
2nd/4th in horses ‘splint bones’

49
Q

sesamoid bones?

A

developing in the tendons

50
Q

phalanges split into how many bones?

51
Q

3 bones of the phalanges?

A

proximal phalanx
middle phalanx
distal phalanx

52
Q

what bone of the phalange is associated with the hoof/claw?

A

distal phalanx

53
Q

what complements the phalanges?

A

sesamoid bones

54
Q

how are muscles named?

A

number of heads/parts ‘bi,tri’
reference to body location e.g. latissimus dorsi
direction of fibres e.g. oblique
action e.g. abductor
origin and/or insertion e.g. sternocephalicus

55
Q

girdle?

A

garment which encircles the body and offers support - exactly what the thoracic girdle does - attaches scapula to thorax

56
Q

thoracic girdle?

A

muscle, tendons and fascia attach the scappula to the thoracic wall
no direct bony contact, no articular cartilage

57
Q

scapula motion complex?

A

can translate and rotate

58
Q

Deep muscles? of thoracic girdle

A

rhomboideus
serratus
superficial and deep pectoral

59
Q

superficial muscle? of the thoracic girdle?

A

trapezius
latissimus dorsi
brachiocephalicus (divided into 2 portions)

60
Q

shoulder joint?

A

a ball and socket joint
no distinct collateral ligaments
instead, local thickenings of joint capsule
Generally flexion/extension in veterinary species

61
Q

shoulder joint - ligaments?

A

transverse ligament between greater and lesser tubercles
spans bicipital groove
holds biceps brachii tendon in place

62
Q

shoulder muscles that are flexors?

A

deltoid, triceps brachii, infraspinatus

63
Q

shoulder muscles that are extensors?

A

biceps brachii
supraspinatus

64
Q

elbow joint AKA?

A

humeroradioulnar joint

65
Q

elbow joint is what type of joint?

66
Q

what movement does the elbow joint allow?

A

flexion and extension

67
Q

lateral and medial collateral ligaments - elbow joint?

A

located on the sides of the joint, restricting movement

68
Q

what do the carpal joints consist of?

A

3 main joints - together they act as a hinge, can only do flexion/extension

69
Q

what are the three carpal joints?

A

antebrachiocarpal joint
middle carpal joint
carpometacarpal joint

70
Q

many tendons that pass over the carpus are held in place by?

A

extensor retinaculum
flexor retinaculum

71
Q

in the carpal joints, what is the carpal canal formed by?

A

Accessory carpal bone (laterally)
The other carpal bones (dorsally)
The flexor retinaculum and palmar carpal ligament form it

72
Q

what passes through the carpal canal?

A

tendons and synovial sheaths of superficial and deep digital flexors
nerves (ulnar and median)
arteries and veins

73
Q

extensors - carpus muscles?

A

extensor carpi radialis
common digital extensor
lateral digital extensor
ulnaris lateralis

74
Q

carpus muscles - flexors?

A

flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris:
ulnar head, humeral head
superficial digital flexor
deep digital flexor

75
Q

how are extensors grouped?

A

around the craniolateral aspect of limb

76
Q

flexors grouped how?

A

around caudal aspect of limb

77
Q

MCP?

A

metacarpophalangeal joint

78
Q

MCP joint where?

A

between the metacarpal bones and proximal phalanges
includes the proximal sesamoid bones
hinge-type joint allowing flexion-extension

79
Q

medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the MCP joint?

A

located on the sides of the joint, restricting movement

80
Q

where are paired sesamoid bones located?

A

palmar to joint (the proximal sesamoid bones

81
Q

what are the phalangeal joints?

A

proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint
distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint

82
Q

proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint?

A

between proximal (P1) and middle (P2) phalanges

83
Q

Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint?

A

between middle and distal phalanges

84
Q

medial and lateral collateral ligaments - phalangeal joints?

A

located on the sides of the joint, restricting movement

85
Q

stay apparatus of the horse?

A

limb needs to resist collapse under gravity
horse maintains forelimb posture without fully relying on active muscle contraction
relies on passive stiffness of tendinous/ligamentous structures

86
Q

stay apparatus of the horse forelimb? flexion/extension?

A

shoulder flexion resisted by biceps brachii tendon
carpal flexion resisted by tension in extensor carpi radialis (transmitted from biceps brachii via lacterus fibrosus)

87
Q

MCP (over)extension prevented by?

A

by suspensory ligament and digital flexors

88
Q

elbow flexion resisted by?

A

by tension in digital flexors + contraction of triceps brachii

Structure & Function 3 (9 decks)

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