MSK of the Trunk & Hindlimb Flashcards
what do the vertebral bones do?
they enclose the spinal cord
thoracic spine is articulate with what?
with ribs, tall spinous processes
cervical spine?
neck - seven in mammals
lumbar spine?
lower back - long traverse processes
sacral spine?
fused together and articulate with pelvis
caudal spine?
tail
progressively simplified, variable in number
what are found between vertebral bodies?
intervertebral discs
spinal nerves (SF4) exit where?
exit intervertebral foramina
what forms the boundaries of the vertebral foramen?
the vertebral arch and body
successive vertebrae articulate with each other via their…?
via their cranial and caudal articular processes
cranial and caudal vertebral notches push together to make?
to make inverterbral foramina - spinal nerves’ exit
atlas and axis (C1 and C2) are highly specialised to allow?
movement of head
describe the cervical vertebrae?
small dorsal spinous processes
transverse processes have dorsal and ventral tubercles
long bodies in long necked animals
ribs are?
paired
rib proper?
dorsal bony part
ventral cartilage part of rib?
costal cartilage
floating rib?
Cartilage of last rib may fail to contact
what are ribs articulated with?
with two successive vertebrae dorsally (caudal one gives name)
most intervertebral articulations consist of?
cartinilaginous joints; between invertebral discs and vertebral bodies
synovial joints; between caudal and cranial articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
the intervertebral discs are?
layers of fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebral bodies consisting of…
what are the adjacent vertebral bodies consisting of of the intervertebral discs?
an outer fibrous ring (annulus fibrosus) bands of parallel fibres, thinner dorsally
an inner pulpy nucleus (nucleus pulposus) the semi-fluid remnant of the notochord, which acts to absorb shock
the first two joints of the vertebral column are? which?
atypical
to allow greater movement
The ‘yes’ joint?
hinge type joint
atlanto-occipital joint
i
atlanto-occipital joint?
joins the occipital condyles to the atlas
modified hinge type synovial joint
the ‘no’ joint?
the atlanto-axial joint
the atlanto-axial joint?
joins the atlas to the dens and cranial articular surface of the axis
a pivot type of synovial joint
atlas pivots on the dens of the axis
what is the nuchal ligament?
is a yellow-elastic ligament connecting the cranial cervical vertebrae/skull with spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae
ABSENT IN CAT
PAIRED BAND IN DOG
HORSE/CATTLE consists of a funicular (cord) part like dog and a lamellar (sheet) part
horses have a bursae - what is it?
over the atlas and the withers to cushion the nuchal ligament q
where does the supraspinous ligament run?
over the vertebral spinous processes from T1 to the caudal vertebrae
what does the supraspinous ligament allow?
direct continuation of the funicular nuchal ligament and prevent vertebral spines separating during flexion
what does the ventral longitudinal ligament do?
it prevents over-extension of spine
what is the ventral longitudinal ligament found?
found on ventral surface from midthoracic region to sacrum
where is the dorsal longitudinal ligament found?
on the floor of the vertebral canal from axis to sacrum
what does the dorsal longitudinal ligament do?
it prevents hyper-flexion of spine
where is the costovertebral joints found?
between ribs and vertebra
describe the structure of the costovertebral joint?
the head of each rib forms a ball and socket synovial joint with the caudal and cranial costal facets of adjacent vertebrae
muscles of thoracic wall do what?
they power ventilation
internal intercostal muscle?
expiration
external intercostal muscles?
inspiration
where are the intercostal muscles found?
sit between ribs and layers (external and internal) have opposite orientations
external intercostal orientation?
caudoventral orientation
internal intercostal orientation?
caudodorsal orientaiton
orientation?
the way the pen is moving
shape of diaphragm?
dome shaped
what is the diaphragm covered by?
ribs
muscle that surrounds the periphery of the diaphragm?
periphery skeletal muscle
lumbar portion (left and right crura)
sternal portion (attaches to sternum)
costal portion (lumbar vertebrae attahces)
what does the central tendon of the diaphragm form?
it forms cranial apex
abdominal wall muscles used in?
urination
defaecation, partuition (birth), locomotion, sometimes respiration (if having difficulty)
4 abdominal muscle walls need to know?
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transverse abdominis
rectus abdominus
which abdominal muscles go superficial to deep?
External abdominal oblique and Internal abdominal oblique
External abdominal oblique and Internal abdominal oblique and transverse abdominis?
each of the above has an aponeurosis which converge on the midline at the linea alba
aponeurosis?
a flat wide tendon
in which orientation does the rectus abdominus run in?
a craniocaudal orientation
why cut through linea alba during abdominal surgery?
doesn’t cut through nerves or blood vessels
muscles of the vertebral column help with?
movement of the spine
epaxial muscles located?
dorsal to the transverse processes
where are the hypaxial muscles of the vertebral column found?
ventral to transverse processes
what are the bones of the hindlimb?
pelvis
femur
tibia, fibula (fused in some species)
tarsal bones
metatarsal bones
phalanges
what are the three fused bones of the pelvis found either side?
ilium
pubis
ischium
where are the bones of the pelvis fused at?
fused at the midline (pelvic symphysis)
what do the 3 bones contribute to?
contribute to cup shaped acetabulum (where head of femur articulates)q
describe the lateral and medial side of the ilium?
lateral side filled by middle gluteal m.
medial side articulates with sacrum
ilium wing is expanded in which animals and in which direction?
in horse and cattle
laterally
hook bone of horse?
tuber coxae - more prominent in horse and cattle - bone of pelvis
ischial more prominent in?
cattle and horse
known as ‘pin bone’
proximal section of femur?
head offset medially long from axis
3 trochanters: greater, lesser and third
distal part of the femur?
femoral condyles (lat and med)
femoral trochea (w/ lat and med ridges)
presence of 3rd trochanter or femur?
horse- yes
cattle/ruminant - no
femoral trochlea articulates with the?
patella
large sesamoid bone embedded within quadriceps tendon
fabellae?
2 small sesamoid bones caudal to distal femur in carnivores
medial trochlear ridge enlarged in what animal?
horse
part of the ‘stay apparatus’ in the hindlimb
fabellae of femur only in?
carnivores
in which direction does the tibia and fibula run in?
run parallel - tibia is medial, fibula is lateral (little bone is lateral)
how many rows of tarsal bones?
3 rows - proximal, middle and distal
what tarsal bones make up the proximal bones?
talus and calcaneus
sacroiliac joint?
between wings of ilium and sacrum
relatively immovable
combined cartilaginous and synovial joint
combined cartilaginous and synovial joint - sacroiliac joint?
tight joint capsule reinforced by dorsal and ventral sacroiliac ligaments
where does the sacrotuberous ligament extend to?
from sacrum and first caudal vertebrae to the ischiatic tuberosity
species difference of sacrotuberous ligament?
absent in cat
a broad sheet in cattle and horses, that completes the lateral pelvic wall
where is the coxofemoral joint?
hip joint - between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis
ball and socket, freely movable
no collateral ligaments - how is hip joint stabilised?
stability depends on the ligament of the head of the femur, strong joint capsule and muscles around it
hip joint - what ligament completes the rim of the acetabulum?
transverse ligament
describe the ligament of the head of the femur?
it is a short intracapsular ligament connecting the acetabular cavity to the depression (fovea capitis) of the femoral head
ligament of the head of the femur - species difference?
horses have an accessory ligament, stabilising joint and making it hard (not impossible) for them to ‘cow kick’
hamstring muscles?
biceps femoris
semimembranosis
semitendinosus
stifle joint?
the knee or stifle encompasses two joints
what two joints make up the stifle joint?
the femoropatellar joint and tibiofemoral joint
where is the femoropatellar joint found?
between the patella and the trochlear of the femur
where is the tibiofemoral joint found?
between the femoral condyles and the tibia
what is the tibiofemoral joint?
condylar joint that acts like a hinge with a little translation
what becomes the patellar ligament (aka patellar tendon) distal to the patella?
the quadriceps tendon
what ligaments also attach the patella to the femur - and fabella in dog?
the medial and lateral femoropatellar ligaments
what ligaments stabilise the tibiofemoral joint?
the medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments
tibiofibular joint?
between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula
this joint differs between species depending on fibular development
tarsal joints consist of…?
four main joints
tarsocrural
proximal intertarsal joint
distal intertarsal joint
tarsometatarsal joint
tarsal joints - how do they work?
like carpus, together they act as a hinge (predominantly flexion-extension)
what is the tarsal canal formed by?
tarsal bones (canal is medial to calcaneus and plantar to talus) and the
the flexor retinaculum
what passes through the tarsal canal?
deep digital flexor
the plantar branches of the saphenous artery and vein
the medial and lateral plantar nerves
what joints resemble the analogous joints of the forelimb?
the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) and interphalangeal joints
what does the craniolateral group do?
it flexes the tarsus and extend digits
what does the caudal group of the tarsal muscles do?
extends the tarsus and flex digits
medial side of tibia - tarsal muscles?
not much muscle
stay apparatus?
horse stay upright without using as much muscle engagement
what does gravity want to do to stifle joint?
wants to flex the stifle tarsus and digits (fold the limb)
how is stifle flexion prevented?
patellar locking mechanism
how is tarsal flexion prevented?
reciprocal action of peroneus tertius ‘muscle’ and SDF
how many patellar ligaments to horses and cattle have?
3
stifle, tarsal flexion prevented to enable equine stay apparatus - what else is prevented?
digital extension prevented as in forelimb
what three patellar ligaments do horse and cattle have?
medial, lateral and intermediate
what allows the patella to ‘lock’ in horses?
the medial ridge of the femoral trochlea is enlarged in horses - this is pushed between the medial and intermediate ligaments to ‘lock’ the patella
what is the parapatellar fibrocartilage?
it is a hook like extension of the patella which is attached to the medial patellar ligament that sits on the medial trochlea ridge when the stay apparatus is engaged
the parapatellar fibrocartilage is an extension of the patella attached to the medial patellar ligament which sits on the medial trochlea ridge when the stay apparatus is engaged, describe the position of the stifle when this occurs?
in this position the stifle is locked in extension
in order to un-hook and unlock the patella - what happens?
the vastus medialis contraction is needed
what does stifle flexion result in?
in tarsal flexion
when stifle is locked in extension, what is also passively locked in extension?
the tarsus
rotation of the stifle is linked with rotation of what?
linked with rotation of the tarsal
how does the reciprocal apparatus occur?
via the opposite action of 2 tendinous bands
what is the peroneus tertius?
it is a muscle which - in a horse - is completely tendinous
SDF?
superficial digital flexor
What is the superficial digital flexor?
SDF - they are short muscle fibres located proximally - BUT they are mostly tendon
which tarsal muscles are the flexor muscles?
cranial tibial
long digital extensor
peroneus tertius (absent in carnivores)
peroneus longus (absent in horses)
which tarsal muscles are the extensor muscles?
gastrocnemius
SDF - superficial digital flexor
where is the origin of the cranial tibial muscle?
the proximal tibia
where is the origin of the long digital extensor muscle?
the extensor fossa of femur
where is the origin of the peroneus tertius muscle?
the extensor fossa of femur
where is the origin of the peroneus longus muscle?
the lat collateral ligament of stifle
where is the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle?
the distal/caudal femur
where is the origin of the SDF muscle?
the caudal femur
in which animal is the peroneus tertius absent in?
carnivores
in which animal is the pernoeus longus absent in?
in horses
insertion of a muscle?
this is an attachment site that connects the muscle to a bone
where is the insertion of the cranial tibial muscle?
the proximal metatarsus (MT)
where is the insertion of the long digital extensor muscle?
the extensor process of P3
where is the insertion of the peroneus tertius muscle?
the MT bones
where is the insertion of the peroneus longus muscle?
the proximal MTs
where is the insertion of the gastrocnemius muscle?
calcanean tuberosity
where is the insertion of the SDF muscle?
calcanean tuberosity and middle phalanges
what is the action of the gastrocnemius muscle?
extension tarsus + flexion stifle
what is the action of the SDF muscle?
flexion of stifle + extension of tarsus and flexion of digits
what is the action of the cranial tibial muscle?
flexion of tarsus
what is the action of the long digital extensor muscle?
flexion of tarsus + extension of stifle, extension of digits
what is the action of the peroneus tertius muscle?
flexion of tarsus + extension of stifle
what is the action of the peroneus longus muscle?
flexion of tarsus
flexion?
folding
extension?
extending/stretching out
both of the lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the tarsal joints have what and what do the do?
they both have long and short parts and they restrict movement
where are the lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the tarsal joints located?
on the sides of the joint
what are intertarsal joints and ligaments of the tarsal joints?
they are plane joints between the individual tarsal bones (like in carpus)
where are the intermetatarsal joints found?
between the proximal metatarsal bones
where is the tarsocrural tarsal joint found?
between proximal tarsal bones (calcaneus and talus, or just talus in horses) and tibia and fibula
THEY ARE THE MOST MOBILE of the tarsal joints
where is the proximal intertarsal joint found?
between the proximal and central and fourth tarsal bones
where is the distal intertarsal joint found?
between the central tarsal and tarsal bone I, II and III
Where is the tarsometatarsal joint found?
between the distal row of tarsal bones and metatarsal bones
what are the stifle muscles - flexors?
hamstrings - sometimes
SDF
what are the stifle muscles - extensors?
quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
what is the origin of the SDF - as a stifle muscle?
caudal femur
what is the origin of the rectus femoris muscle? (STIFLE muscle)
ilium
what is the origin of the vastus lateralis muscle? (STIFLE muscle)
proximal femur
what is the origin of the vastus medialis muscle? (STIFLE muscle)
proximal femur
what is the origin of the vastus intermedius muscle? (STIFLE muscle)
proximal femur
what is the insertion of the vastus lateralis muscle? (STIFLE muscle)
tibial tuberosity (via patella)
what is the insertion of the vastus medialis muscle? (STIFLE muscle)
tibial tuberosity (via patella)
what is the insertion of the vastus intermedius muscle? (STIFLE muscle)
tibial tuberosity (via patella)
What is the action of the quadriceps femoris (stifle muscles)?
rectus femoris - ext stifle + flex hip
vastus lateralis - ext stifle
vastus medialis - ext stifle
vastus intermedius - ext stifle
what are the shock absorbers for the hindlimb joint?
the wedge shaped semilunar cartilages (medial and lateral menisci) sit between the femoral condyles and tibia
what stabilises the tibiofemoral joint?
medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments
what are the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments of the stifle joint?
they are intra-articular ligamrnts that cross and stabilise the knee
describe what the cranial cruciate ligament of the stifle joint does?
it inserts cranially on tibia and prevents cranial translation of the tibia
describe what the caudal cruciate ligament of the stifle joint does?
it inserts caudally on the tibia and prevents caudal translation of the tibia
What muscles are responsible for the adduction movement of the hip?
the external obturator
gracilis
adductor
where is the origin of the external obturator muscle? (hip adductors)
ventral pubis and ischium
where is the origin of the gracilis muscle? (hip adductors)
pelvic symphysis
where is the origin of the adductor muscle? (hip adductors)
ventral pelvic symphysis
where is the insertion of the external obturator muscle? (hip adductors)
caudal femur
where is the insertion of the gracilis muscle? (hip adductors)
medial stifle
where is the insertion of the adductor muscle? (hip adductors)
caudal femur
what muscles are responsible for flexing the hips? - hip flexor muscles?
psoas major
iliacus
tensor fascia latae (TFL)
sartorius
pectineus
rectus femoris (1 of the quadriceps)
hip flexor muscles - origin of psoas major muscle?
L (lumbar) vertebrae
hip flexor muscles - origin of iliacus muscle?
wing of ilium
hip flexor muscles - origin of Tensor fascia latae (TFL) muscle?
Tuber coxae
hip flexor muscles - origin of sartorius muscle?
ilium
hip flexor muscles - origin of pectineus muscle?
pubis
hip flexor muscles - origin of rectus femoris muscle?
ilium
where is the insertion of the psoas major muscle?
lesser trochanter of femur
where is the insertion of the iliacus muscle?
lesser trochanter of femur
where is the insertion of the Tensor fascia latae (TFL) muscle?
lateral femoral fascia
where is the insertion of the sartorius muscle?
medial stifle
where is the insertion of the pectineus muscle?
medial femur
where is the insertion of the rectus femoris muscle?
tibial crest (via patella)
which hip flexor muscles allow for the extension of the stifle?
Tensor fascia latae
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
which hip flexor muscles allow for supination?
psoas major
iliacus
which hip flexor muscles allow for adduction?
pectineus
what muscle is found beneath the middle gluteal?
deep gluteal
what are the rump muscles?
middle gluteal, superficial gluteal and deep gluteal
describe the vertebrae of the cervical region of the spine:
atlas and axis (C1+C2) are highly specialised to allow movement of head
They have small spinous processes
Transverse processes have dorsal and ventral tubercles
Long bodies in long necked animals
describe the vertebrae of the thoracic region of the spine:
tall dorsal spinous processes
articulate with regions
Short bodies
describe the vertebrae of the lumbar region of the spine:
shorter height
long transverse processes (projecting craniolaterally)
what is the cranial most element called of the sternum?
manubrium
how many sternebrae have intervening cartilage - and what may happen with age?
the number is species specific
the sternebrae and cartilage may ossify with age
what is the sternebrae?
the unpaired segmental series of bones forming the body of the sternum
what cartilage is found caudal of the sternum?
xiphoid cartilage found caudally
what does the xiphoid cartilage attach to?
to linea alba
what two ways can the rib articulate with the sternum?
either directly (cranially) or by joining cartilage of previous rib (caudally)
Where is the ventral longitudinal ligament found?
on ventral surface from midthoracic region to sacrum
what does the ventral longitudinal ligament do?
prevents over-extension of spine
Where is the dorsal longitudinal ligament found?
on the floor of the vertebral canal from axis to sacrum
what ligament prevents hyper-flexion of spine?
dorsal longitudinal ligament
what does the interspinous ligament do?
the fibres of this ligament connect the spines of adjacent vertebrae along the whole spine
what are ‘yellow ligaments’ also known as?
interarcuate ligaments
what are interarcuate ligaments?
these are elastic ligament filling the dorsal spaces between the arches of adjacent vertebrae
what joints are found between the ribs and vertebra?
the costovertebral joints
describe the costovertebral joints?
the head of each rib forms a ball-and-socket synovial joint with the caudal and cranial costal facets of adjacent vertebrae
the tubercle of each ribs forms a plane type of synovial joint with the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra
what joints are found between the first 8 costal cartilages and the sternum?
sternocostal joints
what are sternocostal joints?
they are pivot style synovial articulations
what junctions are found between the ribs and costal cartilages?
costochondral junctions
what are costochondral junctions?
these are fibrous connections between the ribs and costal cartilages
what is the ventro-lateral abdomen formed by?
by flat sheets of muscle
what are the four abdominal muscles we need to know?
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transverse abdominis
rectus abdominis
in what orientation does the rectus abdominis (abs) muscle run in?
craniocaudal orientation
the internal & external abdominal oblique and the transverse abdominis have what in common?
they each have an aponeurosis which converges on the midline of the linea alba
going superficial –> deep, what are the abdominal wall muscles?
external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis
orientation of external abdominal oblique?
same as intercostal muscles, CAUDOVENTRAL
what is the orientation of the internal abdominal oblique?
same as intercostal muscles - CAUDODORSAL orientation
what are muscles of the vertebral column?
muscles associated with movement of the spine
How many groups are the vertebral muscles divided into? what are these called?
2 groups
Epaxial and hypaxial
what do the epaxial muscles of the spine do?
they extend the spine/body
where are the epaxial muscles of the spine found?
dorsal to the transverse processes
how many parts are there that make up the epaxial muscles of the spine?
3
what are the parts that make up the epaxial muscles of the vertebral column?
lateral - Iliocostalis muscle
middle - Longissimus muscle
medial - lots, collectively the transversospinalis system
what does the lateral column/part of the epaxial muscles of the vertebral column do?
causes lateral bending of the trunk
where are the hypaxial muscles of the vertebral column found?
ventral to transverse processes
what are the hypaxial muscles of the vertebral column?
the Psoas minor m.
and the Psoas major muscle and the iliacus muscle (fused)
what does the psoas minor muscle do?
it flexes the lumbar spine
what does the psoas major muscle and iliacus muscle do?
flex lumbar spine and protract HL (hindlimb?)
how do the tibia and fibula ‘run’ in relation to each other?
they run parallel to each other
the tibia is medial and the fibula is lateral
describe the structure of the tibia?
it has two proximal articular condyles (to match the femoral condyles)
non-articular eminence between condyles (attachment for internal ligaments)
robust tibial tuberosity
what are condyles?
the round prominence at the end of a bone, often part of a joint - an articulation with another bone
describe the distal articular face of the tibia:
the face has two deep grooves to receive the talus - the cochlea of the tibia
what is the tibial tuberosity sometimes called?
tibial crest
what is the medial malleolus?
the end of the tibia bone - it is more voluminous than the lateral one - it runs medial to cochlea
what is the cochlear of the tibia?
the distal extremity of the tibia carries the cochlear, it consists of an intermediate ridge bordered by the medial and lateral grooves
in which animals is the fibula unfused in?
unfused in carnivores and pig - slender bone
what does the distal fibula contribute to?
to the lateral malleolus
what is the interosseous space between the tibia and fibula?
it is the space between the tibia and fibula which contains the crural interosseous membrane, muscles, vessels and nerves
what is the lateral malleolus?
the distal end of the fibula and it develops as a separate centre of ossification that fuses to the distal tibial epiphysis by one year of age
horse/ruminants difference - tibia and fibula?
fusion of tibia and fibula in horses and ruminants
HORSES - distal fusion
RUMINANTS - complete fusion
lateral malleous persists in both horses and ruminants - but what is the difference?
HORSE - fused to tibia
RUMINANTS - isolated bone
what are the proximal row tarsal bones?
talus, calcaneus
what bones are in the middle row of the tarsal bones?
central tarsal bone
what bones are found in the distal row of the tarsal bones?
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th tarsal bones
what do pigs and carnivores have in common regarding their tarsal bones?
they both have a full set
what are the hip rotations?
flexion/extension
adduction/abduction
pronation/supination
what are gluteobiceps?
fused with superficial gluteal muscle in ruminants
what is the origin of the superficial gluteal muscle?
dorsal acetabulum rim
which animals do not have the superficial gluteal muscle?
ruminants
where is the origin of the middle gluteal muscle?
wing of ilium
where is the origin of the deep gluteal muscle?
body of ilium
where is the origin of the biceps femoris?
ischiatic tuberosity
where is the origin of the semimembranosus muscle?
ischiatic tuberosity
where is the origin of the semitendinosus muscle?
ischiatic tuberosity
what are the two types of hip muscle?
rump muscles and hamstrings
what are the hip muscles that are classed as rump muscles?
superficial gluteal muscle
middle gluteal muscle
deep gluteal muscle
what are the hip muscles that are classed as hamstring muscles?
biceps femoris
semimembranosus muscle
semitendinosus muscle
which muscles allow hip abduction?
superficial gluteal muscle
middle gluteal muscle
deep gluteal muscle
which muscles allow extension of hip?
middle gluteal muscle
deep gluteal muscle
biceps femoris
semimembranosus muscle
semitendinosus muscle
which hip muscles allow extension of tarsus?
biceps femoris
which hip muscles allow flexion and extension of the stifle?
biceps femoris
semimembranosus muscle
which hip muscle only allows flexion of the stifle but not extension of the stifle?
semintendinosus muscle
where is the insertion of the superficial gluteal muscle?
third trochanter
where is the insertion of the middle gluteal muscle?
greater trochanter of femur
where is the insertion of the deep gluteal?
great trochanter of femur
where is the insertion of the biceps femoris muscle?
patella, tibia, calcaneal tuberosity
where is the insertion of the semimembranosus?
femur and tibia
where is the insertion of the semitendinosus muscle?
tibia, calcaneal tuberosity
muscles that extend the hip also…
flex the stifle too
biceps femoris in ruminants?
fused with superficial gluteal muscle in ruminants = gluteobiceps
