Comparative anatomy of the Pericardium

Question 1

where is the heart located?

Answer 1

located in the middle part of the mediastinum, the partition that separates the two pleural cavities

Question 2

where is the heart found in most species in accordance with the intercostal space?

Answer 2

most species from 2nd or 3rd to the 5th or 6th ICS

Question 3

what is used as a landmark that is located around 5th ICS?

Answer 3

olecranon

Question 4

heart placement in thorax?

Answer 4

it is conical and placed asymmetrically within the thorax and about 60% lies to the left of the median plane
tipped to the left, resting obliquely cranial to the diaphragm

Question 5

what normally covers most of the surface of the heart?

Answer 5

the lungs

Question 6

heart makes direct contact with ribs through?

Answer 6

through cardiac notches of the lungs
more dorsally, lung tissue interferes between heart and body wall

Question 7

caudally, heart extends as far as the…

Answer 7

as the diaphragm

Question 8

heart is covered with?

Answer 8

with pericardium

Question 9

pericardial sac?

Answer 9

thin but strong layer and is made up of the parietal serous pericardium, the middle fibrous pericardium and the outer pericardial mediastinal pleura (also named fibroserous sac)

Question 10

the serous pericardium has how many layers and what are they?

Answer 10

two layers and they are the parietal and visceral layer

Question 11

parietal serous pericardium-adheres to?

Answer 11

to fibrous pericardium

Question 12

what is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 12

space between the parietal and visceral layer and contains a minute amount of pericardial fluid

Question 13

what does the heart itself consist of?

Answer 13

of the visceral layer (epicardium), the most external layer; myocardium, in the middle and the endocardium, the most internal layer

Question 14

what is the endocardium continued in?

Answer 14

in the blood vessels

Question 15

atria are the?

Answer 15

blood receiving chambers

Question 16

ventricles are?

Answer 16

the blood pumping chambers

Question 17

auricle is?

Answer 17

a blind ear shaped pouch of the atrium

Question 18

dorsal base - what is attached here?

Answer 18

great vessels attached

Question 19

apex of heart?

Answer 19

faces ventrally and caudally

Question 20

auricular surface?

Answer 20

(left side - tips of the auricles face this side)

Question 21

what are the auricles found next to?

Answer 21

to the pulmonary trunk

Question 22

atrial surface is what side of the heart?

Answer 22

the right side

Question 23

coronary sulcus lies between?

Answer 23

between the atria and the ventricle with coronary vessels and fat

Question 24

how does the right atrium communicate with the right ventricle?

Answer 24

via the right atrioventricular orifice, which contains the right atrioventricular or tricuspid valve

Question 25

left atrioventricular of bicuspid aka?

Answer 25

mitral valve - left av valve

Question 26

valves are anchored in the ventricles with?

Answer 26

with chordae tendineae (CT)

Question 27

CT attached to septal wall via?

Answer 27

via papillary muscles

Question 28

pulmonary trunk valve?

Answer 28

pulmonary valve

Question 29

name the heart valves?

Answer 29

aortic valve pulmonary valve left and right av valve

Question 30

where is the pulmonary valve found?

Answer 30

at the junction between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk is pulmonary valve with three semilunar cusps

Question 31

where is the aortic valve found?

Answer 31

between left ventricle and aorta

Question 32

what is the trabeculae septomarginalis?

Answer 32

bands of muscle traversing the chamber from the septal wall to the marginal wall

Question 33

trabeculae carnae?

Answer 33

a thickly woven arrangement of cardiac muscle in both ventricles

Question 34

cranial vena cava enters where?

Answer 34

enters right atrium dorsally and cranially

Question 35

caudal vena cava enters where?

Answer 35

enters right atrium ventrally and caudally

Question 36

pulmonary veins enter?

Answer 36

the left atrium

Question 37

pulmonary artery LEAVES where?

Answer 37

the right ventricle

Question 38

aortic arch leaves?

Answer 38

leaves left ventricle

Question 39

what circles the heart and what does it contain?

Answer 39

the coronary groove circles the heart and contains the main trunks of the coronary vessels

Question 40

first branch of the aorta supplied by?

Answer 40

via coronary arteries

Question 41

aortic sinuses?

Answer 41

pockets between the aortic valves cusps and the vessel wall

Question 42

right coronary artery leaves?

Answer 42

leaves the right sinus of the aorta

Question 43

blood is returned to the heart via?

Answer 43

via the great cardiac vein, which opens into the right atrium via the coronary sinus

Question 44

left coronary artery made up of?

Answer 44

paraconal interventricular branch and circumflex branch

Question 45

innervation of heart?

Answer 45

autonomic

Question 46

sympathetic innervation of heart?

Answer 46

sympathetic contribution is through cervical and thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

Question 47

sympathetic stimulation of the heart leads to what?

Answer 47

increases heart rate

Question 48

Parasympathetic fibres branch from?

Answer 48

from vagal nerve (medulla oblongata)

Question 49

do both atria have auricles?

Answer 49

yes

Question 50

sympathetic innervation?

Answer 50

cervical and thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk or simply cervicothoracic ganglion

Question 51

what are cusps of valves?

Answer 51

flaps on the valve which can be closed/open - there are three in the tricuspid valve

Question 52

point of auricles?

Answer 52

holding the blood - they are appendages they are endocrine organ so they produce peptides

Question 53

cranial vena cava drain?

Answer 53

head neck shoulder arm

Question 54

caudal vena cava drains?

Answer 54

hind limb, trunk

Question 55

heart acts like fist - applying pressure on the layers - what are the layers in order of closest to the heart of the pericardial sac?

Answer 55

visceral layer --> pericardial cavity --> parietal pericardium --> fibrous pericardium --> pericardial/mediastinal pleura