Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Structure & Function 3 > Histology of the MSK system > Flashcards

Histology of the MSK system Flashcards

1
Q

what is scintigraphy?

A

diagnostic test that creates images of the body’s internal organs and tissues using gamma rays emitted by radioactive isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

function of skeletal muscle?

A

movement, support, protection, thermoregulation, blood circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what type of contraction does skeletal muscle do?

A

voluntary contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is skeletal muscle attached to?

A

bones and sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the entire skeletal muscle surrounded by?

A

by epimysium (collagenous covering ‘fascia’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the epimysium subdivided into and what are these surrounded by?

A

1) fascicles (surrounded by perimysium)
2) myofibres (surrounded by endomysium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a skeletal muscle myofibre?

A

a cellular unit of skeletal muscle
multiple cells fused to form one long tube
multinucleated as a result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sarcolemma?

A

cell membrane of myofibre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sarcoplasm?

A

cytoplasm of myofibre cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are myofibres made up of?

A

made up of multiple myofibrils which in turn are formed by many filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what type of nuclei does the skeletal myofibre have?

A

peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

if there is lots of protein in skeletal myofibre, what does this mean for staining?

A

strongly eosinophilic sarcoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the type 1 muscle fibres?

A

lots of capillaries, mitochondria, myoglobin (gives red colour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do the type 1 muscle fibres work?

A

can contract for long periods with limited energy demand - force contraction is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the fast twitch (type 2) muscle fibres?

A

fewer mitochondria and myoglobin (pale colour)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do type 2 muscle fibres contract?

A

fast powerful contractions but can’t be sustained for long
subdivided into three subtypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the three types that the type 2 muscle fibre is divided into?

A

2a oxidative, fatigue resistant
2b glycolytic
2x/c intermediate between these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do you need to differentiate the subtypes of type 2 muscle fibres?

A

need special stains e.g. ATPase, NADH, SDH, COX - the differentiation is not visible on routin H&E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in what sections is striation best observed in?

A

in longitudinal sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is striation formed by?

A

formed by regular arrangement of structural proteins as well as actin and myosin filaments into sarcomeres (contractile unit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where does a sarcomere span?

A

spans Z-line to Z-line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the proteins in sarcomeres? - they can be three types:

A

structural
contractile
regulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the Z-line/disc?

A

site of attachment of actin
α-actinin, desmin, vimentin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the M-line?

A

site of attachment of myosin
- myomesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the H-band?
only myosin is present (pale with darker M line in middle)
26
what is the I band?
only actin present (pale region surrounding dark Z-line)
27
what is the A-band?
overlapping actin and myosin (dark region spanning central Z-line
28
smooth muscle, type of contraction?
involuntary
29
what are the functions of smooth muscle?
peristalsis, regulate blood flow, urination respiration
30
where are smooth muscles found?
GI tract, urogenital tract, respiratory tract, vessels etc.
31
myocytes?
cells of smooth muscle not fibres they are fusiform shaped or 'spindle shaped'
32
describe the shape of smooth muscle?
no striation cigar-shaped nuclei are centrally located
33
describe the contractions of the smooth muscle?
contractions have more elasticity than skeletal muscle, but are slower and sustained for long periods with minimal energy requirements
34
meaning of unitarian?
gap junctions
35
multiunit?
no gap junctions - so contraction does not spread from one cell to the next
36
how can we tell dense connective tissue apart from smooth muscle?
shape: much thinner in connective tissue fibrocytes, should be 'cigar' in smooth muscle position: centre of cell in smooth muscle, between collagen fibres in connective tissue
37
functions of bone?
shape and support, protection, storage (minerals), development and storage of blood cells
38
describe bones:
dynamic high tensile strength relatively lightweight hardness (matrix - hydroxyapatites) strength (collagen)
39
what does periosteum do?
lines the outer surface of all bones, two layers
40
what are the two layers of periosteum?
outer fibrous inner osteogenic (more cellular)
41
function of periosteum?
important role in bone modelling, fracture repair
42
what is the osteoid?
extracellular matrix: 25% water, 25% protein, 50% mineral salts organic components (glycosaminoglycans, collagen-I fibrils) inorganic components (hydroxyapatite [combination of Ca, Phosphate]
43
if the osteoid is mineralised, why is it eosinophilic?
must be decalcified with acid to soften enough for histology
44
osteogenic cell?
stem cell --> osteoblasts osteogenic layer of periosteum
45
osteoblast?
produces osteoid (bone matrix) line up along osteoid flat (inactive), 'teardrop' (active) CANNOT divide
46
osteocyte?
osteoblast surrounded by osteoid maintains osteoid matrix stellate processes (communication) CANNOT divide
47
osteoclast?
from haemotopoietic cells (NOT osteogenic cells!) monocyte lineage: recycles osteoid multinucleated, eosinophilic (acidic digestive enzymes) CANNOT divide Have Howship's lacunae; digesting osteoid will have a 'ruffled border' against the bone
48
what are the two type of bone cells?
woven (immature) and lamellar (mature)
49
what are the two sub-types of lamellar bone cells?
compact spongy (cancellous trabecular)
50
describe the woven bone cells?
rapidly (fetal growth, repair), increasing osteocytes, haphazard interlacing collagen
51
describe lamellar bone cell?
decreasing osteocytes, organised collagen fibres
52
describe the compact lamella bone cell?
dense deposits of matrix with few spaces between matrix elements (e.g. outer shells of the diaphysis and epiphysis)
53
describe the spongy lamellar bone cell?
aka cancellous trabecular delicate 3D latticeworks deposits of matrix e.g. interior of the epiphysis, endosteal surface of diaphysis
54
describe compact bone?
very strong, flexion-resistant bone found along the outer surface, especially diaphysis
55
what is the structural unit of the compact?
it is the osteon: this converts mechanical force into biochemical stimuli
56
central (Haversian) canal of compact bone?
runs longitudinally, space for nerve and blood vessels
57
lamellae of compact bone?
concentric layers around the central canal
58
lacunae of compact bone?
spaces between lamellae occupied by osteocytes
59
canaliculi of compact bone?
small channels containing osteocyte stellate processes, radiate from lacunae
60
cement line of compact bone?
the outer limit of the osteon
61
the perforating (Volkman) canal of the compact bone?
transverse connecting between adjacent central canals
62
function of metaphysis and epiphysis of trabecular bone:
transmit forces form joint surfaces to compact bone is a reservoir for calcium and other minerals
63
what is trabecular bone lined by?
by endosteum (similar to periosteum)
64
structure of trabecular bone?
similar structure to compact bone but w/o central canals and is surrounded by marrow
65
describe woven bone?
haphazard collagen arrangement more osteocytes than lamellar bone weak (collagen is not arranged to oppose loading) but faster to form In adults, indicate some abnormality
66
describe lamellar bone?
regular arrangement of collagen fibres according to stress from bone loading fewer osteocytes than woven bone very strong but slowly remodelled from woven bone
67
type of cartilage?
hyaline, elastic, fibrous
68
what lines cartilage - and where doesn't this line?
perichondrium lines it except at articular surfaces
69
what are the two layers of perichondrium?
outer fibrous layer inner chondrogenic layer
70
what is scintigraphy useful for?
useful where the site of lameness cannot be localised or multiple abnormalities are found on routine diagnostic evaluation and it’s difficult to assess which changes are significant
71

Structure & Function 3 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions