Comparative anatomy of the Lungs and Pleura

Question 1

collapse of tube (trachea) prevented by?

Answer 1

by C-shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings

Question 2

ruminants and pigs have additional bronchia tree, known as?

Answer 2

tracheal bronchus
cranial to tracheal bifurcation to supply the right lungs to cranial lobe

Question 3

what aspect of the lungs shows the hilus?

Answer 3

medial aspect

Question 4

are lungs conical ?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

dogs’ lungs caudolateral margins extend to where?

Answer 5

they extend caudally to about the transverse level of the 12th thoracic vertebrae

Question 6

what are lungs divided into and how is this defined?

Answer 6

divided into lobes
defined by the presence of lobar bronchi

Question 7

cardiac notch of the lungs - what does it allow?

Answer 7

allows the heart and the pericardium to make contact with the thoracic wall

Question 8

where is the base of the lungs found?

Answer 8

base is resting cranial side of diaphragm

Question 9

where is the apex of the lungs found?

Answer 9

apex is located towards the thoracic inlet

Question 10

what is the thoracic cavity lined with?

Answer 10

with pleura

Question 11

what is pleura?

Answer 11

it is a thin membrane that consists of a single layer of mesothelial cells

Question 12

what sacs are lungs located in?

Answer 12

in pleural sacs

Question 13

what does each pleural sac that contains the lungs, consist of?

Answer 13

consists of visceral and parietal layers; the pleural cavity/space is found between the two layers of pleura

Question 14

pleural space is a potential space and it contains?

Answer 14

a small amount of serous fluid

Question 15

what is the mediastinum?

Answer 15

this is the space between the right and left pleural sacs

Question 16

what types of pleura are there?

Answer 16

parietal pleura (mediastinal, costal and diaphragmatic)
visceral (pulmonary) pleura

Question 17

what is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection formed by?

Answer 17

formed by reflection of the parietal costal pleura on the diaphragm to become the parietal diaphragmatic pleura

Question 18

pleural membranes size compared to lungs?

Answer 18

pleural membranes are larger than the lungs which they encase because lungs need extra space to enlarge when they are breathing

Question 19

pleural recesses?

Answer 19

potential spaces between the two pleural (parietal and visceral) layers known as recesses

Question 20

what do recesses allow?

Answer 20

recesses are spaces in the pleural cavity that allow the lungs to expand during breathing

Question 21

what occurs where parietal pleura is in contact with more parietal pleura?

Answer 21

folds exist here
(costodiaphragmatic)

Question 22

where is the pleurae dome found?

Answer 22

beyond cranial thoracic openings of the 1st rib

Question 23

clinical relevance of pleural cupula?

Answer 23

could be opened during surgeries

Question 24

function of the pleural fluid?

Answer 24

serves to reduce friction when the lung rubs against the body wall

Question 25

what does the pleural fluid provide?

Answer 25

it provides surface tension, keeping the lung suitably close to the wall of the thorax, despit the lungs not being directly fixed to it

Question 26

what does the pleural fluid help reduce?

Answer 26

helps reduce the intra-thoracic pressure

Question 27

what does the pleural fluid do during expiration?

Answer 27

it stops the lungs from collapsing

Question 28

pleura allows what?

Answer 28

allows the volume of the lungs to change with the volume of the thoracic cavity, enabling ventilation

Question 29

what is the diaphragm?

Answer 29

it is a dome shaped structure (cupula) separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 30

what areas of the diaphragm are there?

Answer 30

muscular peripheral part and a tendinous central area

Question 31

which are the muscular parts of the diaphragm?

Answer 31

the lumbar, costal and sternal parts

Question 32

during inspiration, what does the diaphragm do?

Answer 32

it contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, thus decreasing its pressure to draw air in (vice versa occurs for expiration w/ the diaphragm relaxing)

Question 33

aortic hiatus?

Answer 33

the most dorsal opening, the aorta, the azygous vein and the thoracic duct

Question 34

oesophageal hiatus?

Answer 34

oesophagus, dorsal and ventral vagal trunks

Question 35

caval foramen?

Answer 35

lies within the central tendinous region of the diaphragm and contains the caudal vena cava

Question 36

what is the blood supply of the lungs and diaphragm?

Answer 36

bronchoesophageal a. and v.

Question 37

innervation of the lungs?

Answer 37

parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves from a pulmonary plexus

Question 38

innervation of the diaphragm?

Answer 38

phrenic nerve

Question 39

what is parietal pleura attached to apart from visceral pleura?

Answer 39

ribs - essentially lungs and ribs are attached to each other

Question 40

where are the costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recess found?

Answer 40

between the basal border of the lung and diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection

Question 41

what does the costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recess provide a potential route for?

Answer 41

for the pleural cavities without damaging lungs

Question 42

what is the costomediastinal recess?

Answer 42

it is a diverticulum of the right pleural cavity containing the right accessory lung lobe

Question 43

where does the costomediastinal recess occupy?

Answer 43

it occupies the 4th to 6th intercostal spaces on the left and on the right as well

Question 44

which species have additional tracheal bronchus?

Answer 44

cow

Question 45

which species lacking medial lobe?

Answer 45

horse

Question 46

Which structures do NOT make up the boundaries of the area of auscultation named the 'triangular field'?

Answer 46

ventral border: scapulae to mammary gland

Question 47

bifurcation of trachea occurs at which rib?

Answer 47

5th

Question 48

secondary bronchi is called?

Answer 48

lobar bronchi

Question 49

Thoracic duct passes through which opening of the diaphragm?

Answer 49

aortic hiatus

Question 50

Which species have a distinct connective tissue septa in the lung tissue?

Answer 50

cow

Question 51

Which organs are most likely to move into thorax after a diaphragmatic rupture?

Answer 51

liver and intestines

Question 52

what supplies motor innervation to all of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 52

the caudal laryngeal nerves

Question 53

briefly describe what the trachea is?

Answer 53

it is a flexible tube which continues from the larynx and connects to the bronchus

Question 54

where does the trachea pass through?

Answer 54

it passes caudal as far as the base of the heart which is where it divides into two principal bronchi (bifurcation around 5th rib)

Question 55

what does the principal bronchi branch into?

Answer 55

it branches into secondary (lobar) then tertiary and eventually into bronchioles

Question 56

what are the lobes of the left lung of carnivores?

Answer 56

cranial lobe (which is divided) and the caudal lobe

Question 57

what are the lobes of the right lung of carnivores?

Answer 57

cranial lobe middle lobe caudal lobe accessory lobe

Question 58

what are the lobes of the left lung of pigs?

Answer 58

cranial lobe (which is divided) and the caudal lobe

Question 59

what are the lobes of the left lung of ruminants?

Answer 59

cranial lobe (which is divided) and the caudal lobe

Question 60

what are the lobes of the right lung of pigs?

Answer 60

cranial, middle, caudal, accessory lobe (cranial lobe-tracheal bronchus)

Question 61

what are the lobes of the right lung of ruminants?

Answer 61

cranial lobe - tracheal bronchus caudal lobe accessory lobe

Question 62

what are the lobes of the left lung of horse?

Answer 62

cranial lobe and caudal lobe

Question 63

what are the lobes of the right lung of horse?

Answer 63

cranial lobe caudal lobe accessory lobe

Question 64

what does the line of pleural reflection represent?

Answer 64

it represents the most caudoventral extent of the pleural cavity

Question 65

what separation does the line of pleural reflection represent?

Answer 65

it represents the separation of the abdominal and thoracic cavities

Question 66

if a needle was entered caudodorsally along the line of pleural reflection where would it enter?

Answer 66

it would enter the abdomen

Question 67

if a needle was placed cranial along the line of pleural reflection where would it enter?

Answer 67

it will enter the thorax