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Commercial Pilot Ground Course (or Private Pilot Ground Course) > Principles of Flight Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Principles of Flight Pt. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five major parts of an aircraft?

A

Wing, Fuselage, Powerplant, Landing Gear, Empennage

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2
Q

This is the aircraft’s main body section that holds crew and passengers or cargo or cockpit

A

Fuselage

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3
Q

This generates the most lift.

A

Wing

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4
Q

What are the two control surfaces on a wing?

A

Ailerons and flaps

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5
Q

Give the formula for aspect ratio

A

Aspect Ratio = wingspan/ wing chord or average chord

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6
Q

What are the different wing designs? Explain what they look like and why they are designed that way

A

Wing sweep Design : a. Straight b. Swept Back
Planform Design: a. Constant b. Tapered

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7
Q

This consists of the vertical and horizontal stabilizer and acts as feathers of an arrow which helps keep the plane in a straight path

A

Empennage

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8
Q

What do you use the rudder in combination with in order to create a coordinated path?

A

Ailerons

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9
Q

This is combination of elevator and stabilizer

A

Stabilator

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10
Q

This is controlled by the control wheel (yoke) through a system of cables, pulleys and other connecting devises

A

Elevator

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11
Q

For the elevator, when you pull back on the yoke, the elevator and nose move _______? But when you push forward the elevator and nose move _______.

A

Up, Down

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12
Q

This consists of two main wheels found on either side of the fuselage and a third wheel positioned in either the front or rear of the airplane

A

Landing Gear

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13
Q

Two types of landing gear?

A

Fixed and retractable

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14
Q

Two different landing gears configurations

A

Conventional type (tailwheel) and tricycle type (nosewheel)

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15
Q

This provides thrust and includes the engine and the accessories attached to it, powers the propeller to give the airplane thrust

A

Powerplant

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16
Q

This acts as protection for passengers and mounting point of an engine

A

Firewall

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17
Q

The two types of aircraft engine?

A
  1. Gas Turbine Engine
  2. Reciprocating Engine
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18
Q

This is produced by the dynamic effect of air acting on the wing

A

Lift

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19
Q

This is the reason why we stay in the air

A

Lift

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20
Q

This is the forward force produced by the powerplant / propeller

A

Thrust

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21
Q

This is the combined load of the airplane itself, crew, fuel, cargo or baggage

A

Weight

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22
Q

A rearward, retarding force that causes the plane to slow down

A

Drag

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23
Q

What causes drag?

A

Caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, fuselage, and other protruding object

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24
Q

In normal unaccelerated flight, these four forces of flight are in what?

A

Equilibrium

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25
Q

What does Unaccelerated flight mean?

A

This means that the airplane is neither accelerating nor decelerating

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26
Q

What is the Engineer’s Formula?

A

L= Coefficient of lift x 1/2 density of air x velocity squared x wing surface area

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27
Q

What is the Pilot’s formula?

A

The higher the angle of attack, the lower your speed is and vice versa

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28
Q

This increase the rate of descent without increasing airspeed

A

Flaps

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29
Q

What are the two theories that explains how lift is created? State both

A

Newton’s third law of motion - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Bernoulli’s Principle - As the velocity of a fluid increases, its internal pressure decreases

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30
Q

Explain what is the coanda effect

A

There is low pressure above the wing, meanwhile high pressure below the wing which causes air (fluid) to stay attached to the surface of the wing

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31
Q

What is a venturi tube

A

This is a short pipe with a constricted inner surface

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32
Q

This is any surface that provides aerodynamic force

A

Airfoil

33
Q

Give the six anatomy of an airfoil

A
  1. Leading edge
  2. Trailing edge
  3. Chord
  4. Camber
  5. Angle of Attack
  6. Relative Wind
34
Q

This is a part of an airfoil (edge) that hits the air particles first

A

Leading Edge

35
Q

This is a part of an airfoil (edge) that hits the air particles last

A

Trailing Edge

36
Q

This is a distance between the leading and trailing edges measured along the chord line

A

Chord

37
Q

This is the curvature of an airfoil above and below the chord line surface

A

Camber

38
Q

This is the angle at which the chord of an aircraft’s wing meets the relative wind

A

Angle of Attack

39
Q

This is the direction of movement of the atmosphere relative to an aircraft

A

Relative Wind

40
Q

This is the deflection of the oncoming airstream upward and over the wing

A

Upwash

41
Q

Explain upwash in your own words (This is for practice purposes)

A

This is the deflection of the oncoming airstream upward and over the wing

42
Q

This is the downward deflection of the airstream as it passes over the wing and past the trailing edge

A

Downwash

43
Q

Explain downwash in your own words (This is for practice purposes)

A

This is the downward deflection of the airstream as it passes over the wing and past the trailing edge

44
Q

As angle of attack increases, what happens to lift?

A

increases as well

45
Q

This is the measure of lift as it relates to the angle of attack

A

Coefficient of Lift

46
Q

What is the point of maximum lift called?

A

CL max

47
Q

What is the maximum angle of attack?

A

17 degrees

47
Q

What happens when the maximum lift coefficient is exceeded?

A

Lift decreases rapidly and the wing stalls

48
Q

What are the four flaps steps and explain each

A
  1. No Flaps - for normal flight
  2. One flaps step - for take-off, when you want to gain altitude while flying slowly. or during runway
    approach while flying at constant altitude
  3. Two flaps step - to brake the plane, in order to lose altitude quickly, for example when you dive towards the runway to land
  4. Three flaps step- to lose altitude even more quickly
49
Q

This type of flap extends from the fuselage to the aileron on each wing. The flaps are controlled and actuated electrically. Rotates on a hinge.

A

Plain flap

50
Q

This flap has the upper surface immobile while the lower surface operates like a plain flap

A

Split flap

51
Q

This has a slot or gap between the flap and the wing enables high pressure air from below the wing to re-energize the boundary layer over the flap.

A

Slotted flap

52
Q

What does the gap in a slotted flap do?

A

It helps the airflow to stay attached to the flap, delaying the stall

53
Q

This slides backward before hinging downwards, thereby increasing both camber and chord, creating a larger wing surface better tuned for lower speeds.

A

Fowler Flap

54
Q

The primary purpose of this is to allow the aircraft to fly at a higher angle of attack before reaching the stalling angle

A

Fixed slots

55
Q

These are portions of the leading edge which are moved forward and down to create a path for air similar to a slot. Also provides lift as well as delaying airflow separation

A

Slats

56
Q

This is the point along the aircraft where it could balance if suspended

A

Center of Gravity

57
Q

This is the load the wings are supporting divided by the total weight of the plane

A

Load factor

58
Q

What is the unit used to measure acceleration?

A

G

59
Q

This enables an aircraft to overcome drag

A

Thrust

60
Q

What needs to happen in order to maintain straight and level speed?

A

Thrust must equal drag

61
Q

This is the resistance to the forward motion directly opposed to thrust

A

Drag

62
Q

The lower the drag, the lower the thrust required to counteract it. True or false?

A

True

63
Q

What are the two types of drag?

A

Induced and Parasite

64
Q

This is the result of an airfoil developing lift.

A

Induced Drag

65
Q

As airspeed decreases, what happens to induced drag?

A

Increases

66
Q

This is a type of aerodynamic drag that acts on any object when the object is moving through a fluid

A

Parasite Drag

67
Q

What are the three types of parasite drag?

A

a. Skin friction drag
b. Form drag
c. Interference drag

68
Q

This pertains to the air flowing over the bottom surface tends to flow outward as well as rearward.

A

Wing tip vortices

69
Q

This pertains to the hazardous trail of wingtip vortices behind an airplane

A

Wake Turbulence

70
Q

Explain what “Heavy, Clean, Slow” means

A

Heavy - Higher weight, larger aircrafts
Clean - In take-off configuration
Slow - High angle of attack attitude

71
Q

This is the result of the interference of the surface of the earth with the airflow patterns about an airplane

A

Ground Effect

72
Q

Explain what a stall is and how it happens

A

An aircraft stall results from a rapid decrease in lift caused by the separation of airflow from the wing’s surface brought on by exceeding the critical AOA.

In a stall, the wing does not totally stop producing lift. Rather, it cannot generate adequate lift to sustain level flight.

Since the coefficient of lift increases with an increase in AOA, at some point the coefficient peaks and then begins to drop off so, the amount of lift the wing produces drops dramatically after exceeding the coefficient of lift or critical AOA.

73
Q

This is the aerodynamic resistance due to the contact of moving air with the surface of an aircraft

A

Skin Friction Drag

74
Q

The air flowing around the fuselage collides with air flowing over the wing, merging into a current of air different from the two original currents.

A

Interference Drag

75
Q

This is used to reduce the tendency of interference drag

A

Fairings

76
Q

This comes from the intersection of airstreams that creates eddy currents (like whirlpools, turbulence, or restricts smooth airflow.

A

Interference Drag

77
Q

This is the portion of parasite drag generated by the aircraft due to its shape and airflow around it

A

Form Drag

78
Q

Explain how Wingtip Vortices occur

A

As the air curls upward around the tip, it combines with the downwash to form a fast-spinning trailing vortex - these vortices increase drag. Whenever an airfoil is producing lift, induced drag occurs and wingtip vortices are created.

Commercial Pilot Ground Course (or Private Pilot Ground Course) (21 decks)

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