Human Performance CPL Flashcards
This is the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future
Situational Awareness
Awareness of other aircraft, communications between air traffic control and other aircraft, weather, and terrain
Environmental awareness
Awareness of aircraft configuration and flight control system modes
Mode awareness
Awareness of geographical position and aircraft attitude
Spatial Orientation
Awareness of the aircraft systems
System Awareness
Awareness of time with respect to when required procedures or events, such as time to initial approach turn, will occur
Time Horizon
When does situational awareness tend to degrade?
- When cockpit workload is extremely HIGH
- When cockpit workload is extremely LOW (complacency)
State the CLEAROFF checklist
C - COMPASS AND HEADING INDICATOR, check if synchronized
L - LOG, accomplished
E - ENGINE & ELECTRONICS, on “green” normal
A - ALTITUDE, check
R - RADIO, set frequencies, working
O - ORIENTATION of map, properly set
F - FUEL, check for quantity
F - FIELD, incase of emergency landing ,selected
It is a systematic approach to the mental process used by airplane pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
This provides a structured, systematic approach to analyzing changes that occur during a flight and how these changes might affect the safe outcome of a flight
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
State the steps for good decision making
- Identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight
- Learning body modification techniques
- Learning how to recognize and cope with stress
- Developing risk assessment skills
- Using all resources
- Evaluating the effectiveness of one’s ADM skills
It’s goal is to proactively identify safety-related hazards and mitigate the associated risks. This is an important component of ADM
Risk Management
Who made the Swiss Cheese model?
James Reason
This is a real or perceived condition, event, or circumstance that a pilot encounters
Hazard
This is an assessment of the single or cumulative hazard facing a pilot.
Risk
This is the most flexible, adaptable, and valuable part of the aviation system, but it is also the most vulnerable to influences that can adversely affect its performance
Human Performance
This is used to describe an accident in which an action or decision made by the pilot was the cause or a contributing factor that led to that accident
Pilot error
The pilot’s failure to make a correct decision or take proper action
Pilot error
Give the five traits that were discovered in pilots prone to having accidents
- Disdain towards rules
- Correlation between accidents in flying records and in driving records
- Thrill or adventure seeking
- Impulsive rather than methodical and disciplined
- Disregard for or underutilization of outside sources of information
This occurs when an airworthy aircraft under the complete control of the pilot is inadvertently flown into terrain, water, or an obstacle. Usually a product of poor human performance in flying
Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT)
When do most CFIT accidents occur?
In the approach and landing phase of flight
State the Risk Management Process
- Identify the hazards
- Assess the risks
- Analyze controls
- Make control decisions
- Use the controls
- Monitor Results
What are the five hazardous attitudes?
- Anti-Authority
- Impulsivity
- Invulnerability
- Macho
- Resignation
These contribute to poor pilot judgement but can be effectively counteracted by redirecting the hazardous attitude so that correct action can be taken
Hazardous attitudes
State the PAVE checklist
- Pilot in Command
- Aircraft
-enVironment - External Pressures
State the IMSAFE checklist
- Illness
- Medication
- Stress
- Alcohol
- Fatigue
- Emotion/Eating
State the DECIDE model
D - Detect
E - Estimate
C - Choose
I - Identify
D - Do
E - Evaluate
State the ACTION model
A - Anticipate
C - Consider
T - Time
I - Implement Decision
O - Observe
N - Nominate
These are traps that pilots fall into, avoidance of which is actually simple in nature. These are behavioral traps into which pilots have been known to fall
Operational Pitfalls
May be based upon an emotional response to peers, rather than evaluating a situation objectively
Peer Pressure
A pilot displays this through an inability to recognize and cope with changes in a given situation
Mindset
This disposition impairs pilot judgement through a fixation on the original goal or destination, combined with a disregard for any alternative course of action
Get-there-itis
A pilot may be tempted to make it into an airport by descending below minimums during an approach
Duck-under Syndrome
This occurs when a pilot tries to maintain visual contact with the terrain at low altitudes while instrument conditions exist
Scud Running
Spatial disorientation or collision with ground/ obstacles may occur when a pilot continues VFR into instrument conditions
Continuing VFR into IMC
This pitfall can be caused by allowing events or the situation to control pilot actions. A constant state of surprise at what happens next may be exhibited when the pilot is doing this
Getting behind the aircraft
In extreme cases, when a pilot gets behind the aircraft, a loss of positional or situational awareness may result. The pilot may not know the aircraft’s geographical location or may be unable to recognize deteriorating circumstances
Loss of positional or situational awareness
Ignoring minimum fuel reserve requirements is generally the result of overconfidence, lack of flight planning, or disregarding applicable regulations.
Operating without adequate fuel reserves
The duck-under syndrome can also occur during the en route portion of an IFR flight
Descent below the minimum en route altitude
The assumed high performance capability of a particular aircraft may cause a mistaken belief that it can meet the demands imposed by a pilot’s overestimated flying skills
Flying outside the envelope
A pilot may rely on short and long-term memory, regular flying skills, and familiar routes instead of established procedures and published checklists.
Neglect of flight planning, preflight inspections, and checklists
This is the process of coordinated action among flight and ground crew members enabling effective interaction while performing flight and ground tasks
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
Ability to coordinate, allocate, and monitor crew and aircraft resources
Mission Analysis
Ability to clearly and accurately send and acknowledge information, instructions, commands, feedback.
Communication
What is happening in the cockpit and mission? It is also the ability to demonstrate awareness of task performance and mission status
Situational Awareness
Ability to alter a course of action to meet situation demands
Adaptability/ Flexibility
Ability to direct and coordinate activities of crew, and stimulate them to work as a team
Leadership
Willingness to actively participate and the ability to state and maintain position
Assertiveness
Ability to use logical and sound judgement based on information available
Decision-making
This is defined as the art and science of managing all the resources available to a single-pilot to ensure the successful outcome of the flight
Single-Pilot Resources Management
