Flight Environment Pt.2 (Operational Procedures) Flashcards
Airport Markings and Signs
What are the three types of runways?
- Visual Runways
- Non-Precision Runways
- Precision Runways
These are runways without an existing or planned instrument approach procedure and are marked with the runway number and a dashed runway centerline
Visual Runways
They may include threshold markings if intended for international operations. They are used at small airstrips and are usually just a strip of grass, gravel, asphalt or concrete
Visual Runways
These are runways with at least one end having a non-precision approach procedure
Non-Precision Runways
They do not incorporate an electric glide slope and the corresponding runway markings very accordingly
Non-Precision Runways
They are equipped with an Instrument Approach that provides only lateral guidance. They may look similar to visual runways
Non-precision Runways
They are used when at least one of the runways are served by non-visual precision approach aids such as an Instrument Landing System (ILS) or Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
Precision Runways
These types of runways typically provide some type of glide slope information, including what can be found on the non-precision runway such as the side stripes, touchdown zone markings, and fixed distance markings
Precision Runways
Runway numbers are in reference to which direction?
reference to Magnetic North
Certain airports have two or even three runway laid out in the same direction and are distinguised by a letter added to the runway number (ex: runway 36L (left), runway 36C(center), runway 36R(right). What are these called?
Parallel runways
These identify the center of the runway for guidance on takeoff and landing and are painted white in color
Runway Centerline Marking
This marking serves as a visual aiming point for a landing aircraft. These two rectangular markings consists of a broad white stripe located on each side of the runway centerline and approximately 1,000 feet from the landing threshold
Runway Aiming point marking
These identify the touchdown zone for landing operations and are coded to provide distance information in 500feet (150m) increments
Runway Touchdown Zone Marking
These markings consist of groups of one, two, and three rectangular bars symmetrically arranged in pairs about the runway centerline
Runway Touchdown Zone Marking
These delineate the edges of the runway
Runway Side Stripe Marking
They provide a visual contrast between runway and the abutting terrain or shoulders. they consist of continuous white stripes located on each side of the runway
Runway Side Stripe Marking
They may be used to supplement runway side stripes to identify pavement areas bordering to the runway sides that are not intended for use by aircraft. They are Yellow.
Runway Shoulder Marking
They come in two configurations- either consist of eight longitudinal striped of uniform dimensions, disposed symmetrically about the runway centerline or the number of stripes is related to the runway width
Runway Threshold Marking
This helps identify the beginning of the runway that is available for landing. In some instances, they may be relocated or displaced
Runway Threshold Marking
Indicate the width of each stripe for runway threshold marking. 4, 6, 8, 12, 16.
4 stripes = 60’ wide
6 stripes = 75’ wide
8 stripes = 100’ wide
12 stripes = 150’ wide
16 stripes = 200’ wide
What are placed across the width of the runway just prior to the threshold bar when a portion of a runway is closed?
Yellow arrowheads
It is a threshold located at a point on the runway other than the designated beginning of the runway.
Displaced threshold
What are placed for a displaced threshold?
White arrowheads
True or False. The portion of runway behind a displaced threshold is available for takeoffs in either direction, or landings from the opposite direction
True
This delineates the beginning of the runway that is available for landing when the threshold has been relocated or displaced. This is 10 feet (3m) in width and extends across the width of the runway
Runway Threshold Bar
This is a defined surface surrounding the runway prepared, or suitable, for reducing the risk of damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot, overshoot, or excursion from the runway.
Runway Safety Area
It provides greater accessibility for firefighting and rescue equipment in emergency situations
Runway Safety Area
This sign has a yellow background with black markings and is typically used at towered airports where a controller commonly requests you to report clear of a runway
Runway Safety Area Boundary Sign
This sign is intended to provide you with another visual cue that is used as a guide to determine when you are clear of the runway safety boundary area
Runway Safety Area Boundary Sign
They have a black background with a white number and may be installed alone one or both sides of the runway. The number on the signs are spaced at around 1,000 feet and it indicates, the distance, in thousands of feet, of landing runway remaining.
Runway Distance Marking Signs
This delineates a runway with a displayed threshold from a blast pad, stop-way or taxiway that precedes the runway.
Demarcation Bar
How wide and what is the color of the Demarcation Bar?
3’ (1m) wide and yellow
They are referred to as an “overrun” and cannot be used for normal operations
Blastpads/Stopways
This area allows propeller or jet blasts to safely dissipate and provides extra stopping distance for aircraft in case of emergencies
Blastpads/Stopways
They are used to show pavement areas aligned with the runway that are unusable for landing, takeoff, and taxiing.
Chevrons
They cover blast pads, or stopways, which are constructed to protect areas from erosion caused by jet blast and to provide extra stopping distance for aircraft. This is colored as yellow.
Chevrons
This is a taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle and is designated to allow landing aircraft to exit at higher speeds. This minimizes runway occupancy times
Rapid exit Taxiway
They provide a visual cue to permit taxiing along a designated path
Taxiway Centerline Marking
What are the two types of taxiway centerline markings?
- Normal Taxiway Centerline
- Enhanced Taxiway Centerline
They consist of a single continuous yellow line, 6 inches (15cm) to 12 inches (30cm) in width
Normal Taxiway Centerline
This marking consists of a parallel line of yellow dashes on either side of the normal taxiway centerline.
Enhanced Taxiway Centerline
This consist of a double yellow line, each 6 inches in width, separated by 6 inches. They delineate areas where aircraft operation is not intended
Continuous Taxiway Edge Marking
These markings are used when there is an operational need to define the edge of a taxiway on a paved surface where the adjoining pavement to the taxiway edge is intended for use by aircraft, such as an apron.
Dashed Taxiway Edge Marking
They are used to indicate the pavement is unusable. Consists of yellow lines perpendicular to the taxiway edge markings
Taxiway Shoulder Marking
They have a yellow background with a black inscription, and are provided when it is not possible to provide taxiway direction signs at intersections, or when necessary.
Surface painted taxiway direction signs
Written with a black background and yellow inscription. They supplement location signs, located alongside the taxiway and assist the pilot in confirming the designation of the taxiway on which the aircraft is located, on the right side of centerline.
Surface painted taxiway location signs
These markings are located at points along low visibility taxi routes and are used to identify the location of taxiing aircraft during low visibility operations
Geographic position markings
They are positioned to the left of the taxiway centerline in the direction of taxiing. It is a circle comprised of an outer black ring contiguous to a white ring with a pink circle in the middle
Geographic position markings
These markings allow pilots to more accurately make position reports to air traffic control and confirm holding spots during periods of low visibility
Geographic position markings
They consist of four yellow lines, two solid and two dashed, that are painted on the surface and extend across the width of the taxiway to indicate where the aircraft should stop when approaching a runway
Holding position marking on taxiway
These consist of a single dashed line extending across the width of the taxiway and are located on taxiways where ATC holds aircraft short of a taxiway intersection.
Holding position marking for intersecting taxiways
This is an airport version of a stop sign. It may be seen as a sign and/or its characters painted on the airport pavement. It is always collocated with the surface painted holding position markings and is located where taxiways intersect runways
Runway Holding position sign
They have a red background with a white inscription and supplement the signs located at the holding position
Surface painted Holding Position Sign
This type of marking is normally used where the width of the holding position on the taxiway is greater than 200’ (60m)
Surface Painted Holding Position Sign
This is an ATC procedure that may require your participation and compliance.
Land And Hold Short Operations (LAHSO)
These markings are used at some airports where it is necessary to hold an aircraft on a taxiway located in the approach or departure area of a runway so that the aircraft does not interfere with the operations on that runway.
Holding Position Marking on Runway Approach Area
This is used when necessary to define a pathway for vehicle operations on or crossing areas that are also intended for aircraft
Vehicle Roadway Marking
What are obliterated when runways and taxiways are permanently closed?
Runway threshold, runway designation, and touchdown markings and yellow “Xs” are placed at each end of the runway and at 1,000 feet intervals
A visual indication is often provided with yellow “Xs” or raised lighted yellow “Xs”placed at each end of the runway
Temporarily Closed Runways
These are used to identify the landing and takeoff area at a public use heliport and hospital heliport. The letter “H” in the markings is oriented to align with the intended direction of approach
Helicopter Landing Areas
These are based with a red background with white inscription. They denote an entrance to a runway, critical area, or prohibited area
Mandatory Instruction Signs
These are black with yellow inscription and a yellow border, no arrows. They are used to identify a taxiway or runway location, to identify an instrument landing system (ILS) critical area
Location Signs
Yellow background with black inscription. These identifies the designation of the intersecting taxiway(s) leading out of an intersection
Direction Signs
These signs provide information on location areas, such as runways, terminals, cargo areas, and civil aviation areas
Destination Signs
These signs are used to provide the pilot with information on areas that cannot be seen from the control tower, applicable radio frequencies, and noise abatement procedures
Information Signs
