Principles of endocrine control

Question 1

Glands

Answer 1

Epithelial tissue derivatives specialised for secreting

Question 2

Secretion

Answer 2

Biochemical release from a particular type of cell upon formation

Question 3

Endocrine

Answer 3

Secretions enter blood stream - ductless glands

Question 4

Is pancreas exocrine or endocrine?

Answer 4

Both

Question 5

Why can’t you take insulin as a tablet?

Answer 5

Would be broken down when eaten

Question 6

Autocrine

Answer 6

Cell secretes something which acts on cell itself

Question 7

Paracrine

Answer 7

Localised action, chemical acts on local cells

Question 8

Neurotransmitters

Answer 8

Cell to cell signalling, very localised to nervous system

Question 9

Hormones

Answer 9

Chemical messenger secreted to blood by endocrine glands in response to appropriate signals

Question 10

What are the two classifications of hormones based on solubility?

Answer 10

Hydrophilic/water soluble

Lipophilic/lipid soluble

Question 11

What are the three classifications of hormones based on structure?

Answer 11

Peptides
Amines
Steroids

Question 12

What are amines?

Answer 12

Derivatives of amino acids, tryptophan or tyrosine

Question 13

What are all steroids derived from?

Answer 13

Cholesterol

Question 14

What kind of molecule is a steroid?

Answer 14

Lipid

Question 15

Can peptides enter cells easily?

Answer 15

No - lipid bilayer

Question 16

How do plasma proteins reach targets?

Answer 16

Blood

Question 17

What happens when hormone binds to receptor

Answer 17

Conformational changes
Converts ATP into cAMP
cAMP is second messenger
cAMP phosphorylates proteins for further response

Question 18

Are steroids lipid soluble?

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

What do steroids do?

Answer 19

Acts as transcription factor to form proteins from mRNA

Question 20

What is the pituitary gland?

Answer 20

Small gland in bony cavity, connects to hypothalamus via stalk, anterior and posterior lobes

Question 21

How do hormones get from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary?

Answer 21

Capillaries

Question 22

What system does the posterior pituitary gland interact with?

Answer 22

Nervous

Question 23

What is produced by posterior pituitary?

Answer 23

Vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 24

Function of hypothalamus

Answer 24

Control of pituitary hormone release - interface between events inside and outside body

Question 25

Hormones produces by hypothalamus

Answer 25

CRH, TH, somatosensin, GnRH, GHRH, PRH, dopamine

Question 26

Function of anterior pituitary

Answer 26

Controls activity of other endocrine glands - ovulation/pregnancy and sperm production

Question 27

Hormones from anterior pituitary

Answer 27

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH, prolactin | Cortisol from adrenal cortex

Question 28

Functions of posterior pituitary gland

Answer 28

Regulates water balance, uterine contraction, ejection of milk Prolactin controlled by oxytocin

Question 29

Hormones produced by posterior pituitary gland

Answer 29

ADH or vasopressin, oxytocin

Question 30

How is the hypothalamus connected to posterior pituitary?

Answer 30

Neurones

Question 31

Hormones produced from tested

Answer 31

testosterone

Question 32

Function of testes

Answer 32

Masculinizes the reproductive tract and external genitalia, promotes growth and maturation of reproductive system at puberty, spermatogenesis, develops sex drive, secondary sexual characteristics

Question 33

What impact does LH have on testes?

Answer 33

Affects Leydig cells, site of testosterone production

Question 34

What impact does FSH have on testes?

Answer 34

Sertoli cells, inhibin, spermatogenesis

Question 35

Hormones produced from ovaries

Answer 35

Oestrogen and progesterone

Question 36

Functions of ovaries

Answer 36

Maturation and maintenance of reproductive system, female secondary sexual characteristics, ova maturation and release, transport of sperm to site of fertilisation, preparing uterus for development of embryo and fetus, contributing to breasts' ability to produce milk

Question 37

Functions of thyroid

Answer 37

Control of metabolic rate, increases heart rate, normal growth and development

Question 38

Hormones produced from thyroid

Answer 38

Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)

Question 39

Is the thyroid connected to the parathyroid?

Answer 39

No

Question 40

Functions of parathyroid

Answer 40

Calcium metabolism - raises free plasma Ca2+, mobilises bone store, reducing urine loss, increases gut absorption

Question 41

Hormones from parathyroid

Answer 41

Parathyroid hormone (parathormone, PTH)

Question 42

Functions of kidney

Answer 42

Releases renin if circulating volume or BP is low - sodium retained and volume restored. Releases erythropoietin when hypoxic - increases red blood cell formation in bone marrow

Question 43

Hormones from kidney

Answer 43

Renin (which stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal cortex) and erythropoietin

Question 44

Function of adrenal cortex

Answer 44

Metabolic response to stress and body sodium levels

Question 45

Hormones from adrenal cortex

Answer 45

Cortisol (gluccocorticoid), dehydroepiandrosterone and aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

Question 46

Function of adrenal medulla

Answer 46

Fight or flight

Question 47

Hormones from adrenal medulla

Answer 47

Catecholamines - adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 48

How are the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus connected?

Answer 48

Vascular

Question 49

How are the posterior pituitary ad hypothalamus connected?

Answer 49

Neural

Question 50

What does adipose tissue do?

Answer 50

Secretes hormones controlling hunger