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Endocrine and reproductive system > Principles of endocrine control > Flashcards

Principles of endocrine control Flashcards

1
Q

Glands

A

Epithelial tissue derivatives specialised for secreting

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2
Q

Secretion

A

Biochemical release from a particular type of cell upon formation

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3
Q

Endocrine

A

Secretions enter blood stream - ductless glands

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4
Q

Is pancreas exocrine or endocrine?

A

Both

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5
Q

Why can’t you take insulin as a tablet?

A

Would be broken down when eaten

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6
Q

Autocrine

A

Cell secretes something which acts on cell itself

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7
Q

Paracrine

A

Localised action, chemical acts on local cells

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Cell to cell signalling, very localised to nervous system

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9
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messenger secreted to blood by endocrine glands in response to appropriate signals

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10
Q

What are the two classifications of hormones based on solubility?

A

Hydrophilic/water soluble

Lipophilic/lipid soluble

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11
Q

What are the three classifications of hormones based on structure?

A

Peptides
Amines
Steroids

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12
Q

What are amines?

A

Derivatives of amino acids, tryptophan or tyrosine

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13
Q

What are all steroids derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

What kind of molecule is a steroid?

A

Lipid

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15
Q

Can peptides enter cells easily?

A

No - lipid bilayer

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16
Q

How do plasma proteins reach targets?

A

Blood

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17
Q

What happens when hormone binds to receptor

A

Conformational changes
Converts ATP into cAMP
cAMP is second messenger
cAMP phosphorylates proteins for further response

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18
Q

Are steroids lipid soluble?

A

yes

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19
Q

What do steroids do?

A

Acts as transcription factor to form proteins from mRNA

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20
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Small gland in bony cavity, connects to hypothalamus via stalk, anterior and posterior lobes

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21
Q

How do hormones get from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary?

A

Capillaries

22
Q

What system does the posterior pituitary gland interact with?

A

Nervous

23
Q

What is produced by posterior pituitary?

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin

24
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Control of pituitary hormone release - interface between events inside and outside body

25
Q

Hormones produces by hypothalamus

A

CRH, TH, somatosensin, GnRH, GHRH, PRH, dopamine

26
Q

Function of anterior pituitary

A

Controls activity of other endocrine glands - ovulation/pregnancy and sperm production

27
Q

Hormones from anterior pituitary

A

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH, prolactin

Cortisol from adrenal cortex

28
Q

Functions of posterior pituitary gland

A

Regulates water balance, uterine contraction, ejection of milk
Prolactin controlled by oxytocin

29
Q

Hormones produced by posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH or vasopressin, oxytocin

30
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to posterior pituitary?

A

Neurones

31
Q

Hormones produced from tested

A

testosterone

32
Q

Function of testes

A

Masculinizes the reproductive tract and external genitalia, promotes growth and maturation of reproductive system at puberty, spermatogenesis, develops sex drive, secondary sexual characteristics

33
Q

What impact does LH have on testes?

A

Affects Leydig cells, site of testosterone production

34
Q

What impact does FSH have on testes?

A

Sertoli cells, inhibin, spermatogenesis

35
Q

Hormones produced from ovaries

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

36
Q

Functions of ovaries

A

Maturation and maintenance of reproductive system, female secondary sexual characteristics, ova maturation and release, transport of sperm to site of fertilisation, preparing uterus for development of embryo and fetus, contributing to breasts’ ability to produce milk

37
Q

Functions of thyroid

A

Control of metabolic rate, increases heart rate, normal growth and development

38
Q

Hormones produced from thyroid

A

Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)

39
Q

Is the thyroid connected to the parathyroid?

A

No

40
Q

Functions of parathyroid

A

Calcium metabolism - raises free plasma Ca2+, mobilises bone store, reducing urine loss, increases gut absorption

41
Q

Hormones from parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone (parathormone, PTH)

42
Q

Functions of kidney

A

Releases renin if circulating volume or BP is low - sodium retained and volume restored. Releases erythropoietin when hypoxic - increases red blood cell formation in bone marrow

43
Q

Hormones from kidney

A

Renin (which stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal cortex) and erythropoietin

44
Q

Function of adrenal cortex

A

Metabolic response to stress and body sodium levels

45
Q

Hormones from adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol (gluccocorticoid), dehydroepiandrosterone and aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

46
Q

Function of adrenal medulla

A

Fight or flight

47
Q

Hormones from adrenal medulla

A

Catecholamines - adrenaline and noradrenaline

48
Q

How are the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus connected?

A

Vascular

49
Q

How are the posterior pituitary ad hypothalamus connected?

A

Neural

50
Q

What does adipose tissue do?

A

Secretes hormones controlling hunger

Endocrine and reproductive system (25 decks)

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