Introduction to reproductive system

Question 1

testes function

Answer 1

Produce sperm and secrete hormones

Question 2

Ductal system function

Answer 2

Transport and store sperm, assist in maturation and deliver sperm and semen into female reproductive tract

Question 3

Structures in ductal system

Answer 3

Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, penis, urethra

Question 4

Function of spermatic cord

Answer 4

Supporting system for male reproductive system - ductus deferent, testicular artery and vein, autonomic nerves

Question 5

Accessory sex glands in males

Answer 5

Seminal vesicles/glands (secrete seminal fluid), prostate (homologous to paraurethral glands in female), bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands (homologous to greater vestibular glands in female)

Question 6

What does scrotum do?

Answer 6

Support testes

Question 7

Conditions male reproductive system

Answer 7

• Hydrocele of scrotum
• Scrotal hernia
• Spermatogenesis
• Testicular torsion
• Undescended testis
• Vasectomy for sterilization
• Infertility
• Impotence - erectile malfunctions
• Congenital malformations
• Spread of infections

Question 8

Function of ovaries

Answer 8

Produce gametes and secrete hormones

Question 9

Function of uterine tubules/oviducts

Answer 9

Conduit for transport of sperm and oocytes for fertilisation

Question 10

Function of uterus

Answer 10

Pathway for transport of sperm and site of implantation of ovum

Question 11

Function of peritoneal folds/;ligaments

Answer 11

Supports ovaries, uterine tube and uterus

Question 12

Function of vagina

Answer 12

Receptacle for penis during intercourse, outlet for blood and passageway for childbirth

Question 13

What is ecxternal genitalia made of?

Answer 13

Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule (between labia minora)

Question 14

Accessory sex glands in female

Answer 14

• Paraurethral glands (homologous to prostate)
• Greater vestibular of Bartholin’s glands (homologous to bulbourethral glands in males)
• Bulb of vestibule (homologous to corpus spongiosum and bulb of penis in males)

Question 15

Clinical issues in female reproductive system

Answer 15

• Oogenesis
• Ovarian cyst or tumour
• Tubal ligation for sterilisation
• Tubal block in infertility
• Uterine prolapse
• Hysterectomy
• Congenital malformations
• Spread of infections

Question 16

Development of reproductive system

Answer 16

• Shares common structural origin with urinary system
• Genetic and structural sex determination
• Hormonal influence

Question 17

Which two germ layers is the reproductive system derived from?

Answer 17

Mesoderm and endoderm

Question 18

What is the mesoderm germ layer divided into?

Answer 18

Paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate

Question 19

Mesonephric system

Answer 19

Intermediate mesodermal germ layer structure

Contributes to renal tubules, ureter, reproductive system, uterine canal and vagina

Question 20

What is the cloaca?

Answer 20

Part of distal embryonic handgun - endodermal germ layer

Question 21

What are the indifferent gonads?

Answer 21

Located in posterior abdominal walls
Forms longitudinal urogenital ridges with mesonephros
Primitive sex cords

Question 22

When do gonads acquire sexual characteristics?

Answer 22

Week 6/7

Question 23

When do testes/ovaries form?

Answer 23

Week 6-8

Question 24

What are the two pairs of ducts in embryos?

Answer 24

Mesnophric or Wolffian

Paramesonephric or Mullerian

Question 25

What happens to the ducts of a male embryo?

Answer 25

Paramesonephric/Mullerian ducts gradually degrease | Mesonephric ducts form: epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vessels

Question 26

What does the mesonephric duct form in male embryos?

Answer 26

Epididymis Ductus deferens Seminal vessels

Question 27

What happens to the ducts of a female embryo?

Answer 27

Mesonephric or Wolffian ducts degenerate | Paramesonephric/Mullerian ducts form uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, upper vagina

Question 28

How do the uterine tubes and uterus form?

Answer 28

Fusion and canalisation of L and R paramesonephric ducts forms uterus Unfused parts of paramesonephric ducts L and R form uterine tubes

Question 29

What is the vagina formed from?

Answer 29

Paramesonephric ducts - mesodermal layer | Urogenital sinus of cloaca - endodermal layer

Question 30

How does vagina form?

Answer 30

Cloaca - urogenital sinus - sinovaginal bulbs - vaginal plate

Question 31

Characteristics of external genitalia weeks 3-6

Answer 31

Represented by cloacal folds and genital swelling

Question 32

What happens to form male external genitalia?

Answer 32

Genital tubercle forms phallus Urethral folds fuse to form penile urethra Genital swellings fuse to form scrotum

Question 33

How do female external genitalia form?

Answer 33

Gental tubercle forms clitoris Urethral folds form labia minor Genital swellings form labia majora Urogenital groove forms vagina

Question 34

What does the gubernaculum do?

Answer 34

Descent of gonads

Question 35

What is epispadias?

Answer 35

Opening of penis is on dorsal side

Question 36

Congenital malformations

Answer 36

- Uterine and vaginal defects - Bifid or double penis - Hernias - Cyptorchidism - Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) - Turner syndrome (45, X) - Androgen insensitivity syndrome - genetically male but phenotypically female - Hermaphroditism

Question 37

Internal iliac artery supply

Answer 37

Uterus, ligaments of uterus, medial vagina

Question 38

Vaginal branch supply

Answer 38

Lower vagina and vestibular bulb

Question 39

Inferior vesical artery supply in males

Answer 39

Prostate, seminal glands and ductus deferens

Question 40

Superior vesical artery supply

Answer 40

Ductus deferens

Question 41

Middle rectal artery supply

Answer 41

Seminal glands, testis and vagina

Question 42

Internal pudendal artery supply

Answer 42

Main artery of perineum

Question 43

Abdominal aorta supply

Answer 43

Testicular/ovarian artery - tubal branch - testis/epididymis and ovary/ampullary tube

Question 44

Lymph nodes draining m and f reproductive system

Answer 44

- Lumbar nodes - Common iliac nodes - Sacral nodes - Internal iliac nodes - External iliac nodes - Deep inguinal nodes - Superficial inguinal nodes

Question 45

What do parasympathetic fibres supply?

Answer 45

Pelvic splanchnic nerves from S2-S4 | Motor fiber to uterus and vagina

Question 46

Where does pudendal supply

Answer 46

Perineum

Question 47

How do testes form?

Answer 47

Level of 10th thoracic vertebra in posterior abdominal wall, descend to positions via gubernaculum ligament

Question 48

Epispadias

Answer 48

Opening of urethra is on side of penis

Question 49

Klinefelter syndrome

Answer 49

47, XXY

Question 50

Turner syndrome

Answer 50

45, X

Question 51

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 51

Genetically male but phenotypically female

Question 52

Lymph drainage of scrotum

Answer 52

Superficial inguinal node

Question 53

Vascular supply of reproductive systems

Answer 53

Abdominal aorta and internal iliac

Question 54

Main arteries to genitals

Answer 54

Abdominal aorta | Internal iliac

Question 55

Nerve supply uterus

Answer 55

Parasympathetic fibres carried by splanchnic nerve - S2-4

Question 56

Sensation innervation of vagina and perineum

Answer 56

Pudendal nerve S2-4