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Endocrine and reproductive system > Endocrinology of menstrual cycle > Flashcards

Endocrinology of menstrual cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of combined hormonal contraceptives?

A

Oral contraceptives, transdermal patch, vaginal ring

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2
Q

What does CHC do?

A

Inhibit ovulation

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3
Q

How is ovulation inhibited?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone components which act on hypothalami-pituitary axis to reduce LH and FSH production

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4
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Causes endometrium to proliferate and grow

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5
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Prevents hyperplasia of endometrium by opposing proliferative effects of oestrogen

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6
Q

What does HPG stand for?

A

Hypothalamus-pituitary gonad axis

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7
Q

What does GnRH stand for?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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8
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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9
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinising hormone

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10
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

LH and FSH production

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11
Q

Where is GnRH released from?

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

What do LH and FSH do?

A

Act on ovarian follicles and corpus luteum

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13
Q

Where are oestrogen and progesterone produced?

A

Ovarian follicles and corpus luteum

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14
Q

Which tissue is responsible for menstrual flow?

A

Endometrium

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15
Q

Which structure controls luteal phase?

A

Corpus luteum

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16
Q

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual phase: flow occurs
Proliferative phase: cells proliferating
Secretory phase: lots of secretions occurring n endometrium, very thick, ready for fertilisation

17
Q

Lifecycle of primordial follicle

A

Primordial follicle (13-50 years)
Primary follicle (45 days)
Secondary follicle
Graafian follicle

18
Q

What happens in pre-ovulation follicular phase?

A 
Hypothalamus makes GnRH
Ant. pituitary makes FSH and LH 
Acts on ovary to develop follicle
Inhibin and low levels of oestrogen 
Negative feedback effect on ant. pituitary
19
Q

How does hypothalamus decrease FSH concentration?

A

Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to produce FSH and LH, stimulates oestrogen production. Not allowing production of other hormones. Action of oestrogen and inhibin increases oestrogen, decreases FSH

20
Q

What happens in late follicular phase?

A

Increased production of oestrogen
Graphian follicle
Hypothalamus - GnRH - ant. pituitary - FSH and LH - stimulates Graphian follicle
LH surge produces ovum from follicle
No FSH peak needed but inescapable
Inhibit acts on ant. pituitary = negative feedback
FSH smaller because of inhibin

21
Q

Where is most progesterone produced?

A

Corpus luteum

22
Q

when will follicle become CL?

A

After ovulation

23
Q

What happens in luteal phase?

A 
Hypothalamus produces GnRH
LH and FSH from ant. pituitary 
Makes uterus favourable for egg
Progesterone high - low FSH and LH
CL formed 
CL makes progesterone and oestrogen - negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary
24
Q

How is fertilised egg maintained?

A

CL maintained by hCG released from chorion which maintains until placenta takes over

25
Q

What are ovarian follicles?

A

Ovaries made of sacs called ovarian follicles. They contain oocyte and cells that produce oestrogen and progesterone

26
Q

Flow chart of follicle changing to ovulation

A

Primordial follicle - primary follicle - secondary follicle - Graafian follicle - ovulation

27
Q

How is anterior pituitary connected to hypothalamus?

A

Vascular

28
Q

How is posterior pituitary connected to hypothalamus?

A

Neuronal

29
Q

LH surge

A

Re-starts meiosis in oocyte

Follicle ruptures - ovulation - oestrogen production reduced

30
Q

What happens when no fertilisation occurs?

A

No hCG so CL degenerates
Progesterone and oestrogen lost
Vasoconstriction - tissue death

31
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Painful periods

32
Q

Menorrhagia

A

Heavy/prolonged periods

33
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of periods

34
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

Light periods

35
Q

Combined pill

A

Low oestrogen: no FSH - no follicles - nothing to ovulate

Progestogen: decreases LH, decreases GnRH

36
Q

Progestogen-only pill

A

Cervical mucus inhospitable to sperm
Hinders implantation
Breakthrough bleeding/irregular periods

Endocrine and reproductive system (25 decks)

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