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Endocrine and reproductive system > Foetal and maternal scanning > Flashcards

Foetal and maternal scanning Flashcards

1
Q

Why is x-ray imagine (e.g. CT) bad?

A

Ionizing radiation

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2
Q

Why is ionising radiation bad?

A

Birth defect s- teratogenic
Increased cancer risk - carcinogenic
Germ cell mutation - genetic risk

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3
Q

Characteristics of MRI

A

Magnets
Non-ionising radiation
Works without amniotic fluid
Difficult to use when baby moving

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4
Q

When do most routine scans take place in pregnancy?

A

11-14 weeks and 18-21 weeks

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5
Q

What is the Saving Babies’ lives programme?

A

More scans and care for high risk pregnancies

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6
Q

What is an embryo?

A

until 8 weeks post fertilisation

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7
Q

What is a foetus?

A

From 8 weeks fertilisation

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8
Q

Why do we not use CRL after 14+1 weeks?

A

Inaccurate - use head circumference instead

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9
Q

Ultrasound in pregnancy

A

Sound waves create image
Less damaging
Main modality in pregnancy
Diagnosis/assessment of early pregnancy conditions
Higher frequency = more detail but less depth
early pregnancy = higher frequency

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10
Q

When will an early pregnancy be non viable (CRL)?

A

When CRL is less than 7mm

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11
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy?

A

+ve pregnancy test

No gestation sac

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12
Q

What is chronicity?

A

Multiple pregnancies

Chorion around them but separate amnion

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13
Q

Why are dichorionic babies good?

A

No twin-twin transfusions

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14
Q

When is first appointment?

A

Between 8-10 weeks

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15
Q

Which chromosome causes Down’s?

A

21

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16
Q

Which chromosome causes Edward’s?

A

18

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17
Q

Which chromosome causes Patau’s?

A

13

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18
Q

What measurements are taken in ultrasounds?

A

CRL and nuchal translucency

19
Q

What does a low PAPP-A indicate?

A

T21/18/13

20
Q

What does high hCG indicate?

A

T21

21
Q

What does low hCG indicate?

A

T13/18

22
Q

What does low PAPP-A indicate?

A

Placenta isn’t growing very well, start aspirin and more growth scans

23
Q

What happens in the 11-14 week scan?

A

First ultrasound
Heart rate detection
Accurate dating
Screening for abnormalities

24
Q

When will combined test be done?

A

CRL 45-84

25
Q

When will quad test be done?

A

CRL is larger than 85

26
Q

What is Booker’s appointment?

A

14+1 to 20 weeks - screen for Down’s

27
Q

Hormonal changes in Down’s syndrome?

A

AFP and estriol go down and hCG and inhibin go up

28
Q

What is the borderline for aneuploidy action?

A

1:150

29
Q

When do you do amniocentesis?

A

Less than 16 weeks

30
Q

When do you do CVS?

A

11-14 weeks

31
Q

What is NIPT?

A

Non-invasive prenatal testing

32
Q

Where is NIPT currently offered?

A

Twins

33
Q

How does NIPT work?

A

Taking blood from mother which also contains baby’s blood

cffDNA in maternal plasma increases with gestation

34
Q

What happens at 20 week scan?

A

Looks for 11 different conditions

35
Q

What happens in mid-pregnancy scan?

A

Identifies any abnormalities that indicate baby will die shortly after birth/need treatment before birth

36
Q

Conditions screened between 18 and 20 weeks

A 
Anencephaly 
Open spina bifida
Cleft lip
Diaphragmatic hernia 
Gastrochisis
Exomphalos
Cardiac abnormalities 
Renal genesis
Skeletal dysplasia 
Edward's syndrome 
Patau's syndrome
37
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Absence of cortical brain tissue and cranial vault - incompatible with life

38
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Neural tube fails to close, varying severity

39
Q

What is cleft lip?

A

Gap between lip and nose

40
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A

Extra-abdominal herniation of bowel loops through para-umbilical abdominal wall defect

41
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Gut herniation via abdominal wall defect, covered by membrane, strong association with other abnormalities and belly button

42
Q

Examples of cardiac anomalies in babies

A

Transposition of great arteries
Atrioventricular septal defect
Tetralogy of Fallot
HLHS

43
Q

Kidney issues in foetus

A

Bilateral renal agenesis

No amniotic fluid

44
Q

What is pulmonary hypoplasia?

A

No amniotic fluid means lungs can’t grow

Endocrine and reproductive system (25 decks)

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