Major endocrine glands and their specialised cells Flashcards
What is an endocrine organ?
Makes hormones that are released into the blood and travel to tissues and organs all over the body
What do exocrine organs do?
Secrete hormones to outside of body
Where is the pituitary gland found?
Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica of sphenoid bone
How is pituitary attached to hypothalamus?
Stalk called infundibulum
What is diabetes inspidius caused by?
Deficiency of vasopressin
What is acromegaly caused by?
Excess of GH in childhood
What is hypothyroidism caused by?
Deficiency of TSH
What is hyperpituitarism caused by?
Over secretion of thyroid hormones
What is panhypopituitarism caused by?
Decreased secretion of most hormones from pituitary
Where is thyroid located?
C5-T1 vertebrae
What does isthmus do?
Unites two thyroid gland lobes
What does external carotid artery supply?
Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal
Where is venous plexus?
Thyroid and anterior trachea
What does superior thyroid veins do?
Accompany superior arteries to IJV
What des middle thyroid veins do?
Run parallel to inferior arteries to IJV
What do inferior thyroid veins do?
Independent to brachiocephalic veins
Where do pretracheal, prelaryngeal and pretracheal nodes drain to?
Superior and inferior deep cervical nodes, brachiocephalic lymph nodes and thoracic duct
Nerves in thyroid gland
Superior, middle ,inferior cervical ganglia, via cardiac, superior and inferior plexuses which accompany arteries
Which nerve causes vocal cord paralysis?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What is in carotid sheath?
Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus
Hyper symptoms
Tachycardia, diarrhoea, sweaty, weight loss, irritable, tremor, anxiety
Hypo symptoms
Lethargic, bradycardia, constipation, low metabolism, weight gain
Goitre symptoms
Non-neoplastic non-inflammatory enlargement due to iodine deficiency
Carcinoma symptoms
Papillary, follicular, medullary - multiple neoplastic syndromes
Where is superior parathyroid gland?
Above point of entry of inferior thyroid artery
Where is inferior parathyroid gland?
Below point of entry of inferior thyroid artery into thyroid gland
Which cells secrete PTH?
chief/principal cells
In parathyroid cancer, which cells secrete PTH?
Oxyphil cells
Blood supply to parathyroid
Branches of inferior thyroid arteries, veins drain into thyroid plexus of thyroid glands and trachea
Where do lymph vessels supplying parathyroid drain into?
Deep cervical and paratracheal lymph nodes
Nerve supply of thyroid gland
Nerve fibres supplying parathyroid gland are derived from thyroid branches of cervical ganglia
What impact does PTH have on bones?
Release calcium
What impact does PTH have on kidneys?
Reduce calcium clearance, vit D activation
What impact does PTH have on intestines?
Activated vit D helps absorption calcium in gut
Where are adrenal glands?
Kidneys
Arterial supply of kidneys
Suprarenal artery (from inferior phrenic), middle suprarenal artery (from abdominal aorta), inferior suprarenal artery (from renal artery)
Venous supply of kidneys
Right suprarenal to IVC, left suprarenal to left renal vein
Phaochromocytoma
Paraganglioma (catecholamine secreting tumour)
Hypertension
Neuroblastoma
Adrenal medulla
Childhood Ca
Cushing’s
Glucocorticoid excess
Conn’s syndrome
Hyperaldosterium
What does zona glomerulosa do?
Aldosterone: kidneys retain Na and water and excrete K to increase BP and volume, ACTH transient control, angiotensin II when BP drops
What does zona fasciculata do?
Glucocorticoids: cortisol, cortisterone, cortisone, ACTH, cortisol enhances glucagon and catecholamine - enhances metabolism
What does zona reticularis do’;
Androgens DHEA
Neuroblastoma/Will’s tumour
Kidney tumour, swelling in left scrotum (left gonadal vein and into left renal vein)
Pancreas exocrine function
Pancreatic juice from acing cells into pancreatic ducts and duodenum
Pancreas endocrine function
Glucagon A cells
Insulin B cells
