PRELIM-physical examination of urine Flashcards
observation of these
characteristics provides preliminary information concerning
disorders such as___
glomerular bleeding,
liver disease,
inborn errors of metabolism,
and urinary tract infection
Measurement
of ___ aids in the evaluation of renal tubular function.
specific gravity
The results of the physical portion of the urinalysis also
can be used to confirm or to explain findings in the ___
and ____ areas of urinalysis
chemical; microscopic
normal color of the urine are
pale yellow,
yellow, and dark yellow.
The yellow color
of urine is caused by the presence of a pigment, which Thudichum named ___
urochrome
__ is a product of
endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions the body
produces it at a constant rate
Urochrome
the presence of uroerythrin can indicate that the specimen have been preserve using
refrigerator
refrigerated specimen as well will produce what kind of crystals
amorphous urates
an oxidation prod
uct of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen, imparts an
orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh.
urobilin
A urine specimen that contains bilirubin may also contain __, reinforcing the need to follow standard precautions.
hepatitis virus
Dark yellow colored urine yellow foam appears when shaken is a positive physical characteristic of
bilirubin
also produces a yellow-orange urine; however,
yellow foam does not appear when the specimen is shaken
urobilin
Photo-oxidation of bilirubin imparts a yellow-green color to
the urine caused by the presence of ___
biliverdin
yellow-orange specimen caused by the administration of
___ (brand name Pyridium) or azo-gantrisin
compounds to people who have urinary tract infections
phenazopyridine
Specimens containing
____ produce a yellow foam when shaken, which
could be mistaken for bilirubin.
phenazopyridine
This thick, orange pigment not only obscures the natural color of
the specimen but also interferes with chemical tests that are
based on color reactions. It is important to recognize the presence of ___ in a specimen so that laboratories can
use alternative testing procedures.
phenazopyridine
Red blood cells (RBCs) remaining in an acidic urine for several hours produce a ___ color due to the oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin
brown urine
A FRESH brown urine containing blood may also indicate
___ resulting from the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin
glomerular bleeding
Besides RBCs, two other substances, __and ____, produce a red urine and result in a positive chemical test result for blood
hemoglobin ; myoglobin
When RBCs are present,
the urine appears
red and cloudy
if hemoglobin or myoglobin is present, the specimen appears
red and clear
Urine specimens containing ____also may appear
RED, resulting from the oxidation of porphobilinogen
porphyrins
They are often referred to as having the color of PORT WINE
porphyrins
Nonpathogenic causes of red urine include
menstrual contamination
ingestion of highly pigmented foods,
medications
other non pathogenic causes of red urine based on acidity and alkalinity of the urine
eating fresh beets causes a red color in alkaline urine
Ingestion of blackberries can produce a red color in acidic urine
examples of medication that will result in red colored urine
Many medications, including rifampin, phenolphthalein, phenindione, and
phenothiazines, produce red urine
is an oxidation product of the
colorless pigment, melanogen, produced in excess when a
malignant melanoma is present
melanin
melanogen are prevalent in diseased called
malignant melanoma
brown or black on standing and have negative chemical
test results for blood, inasmuch as they may contain ___
or __
melanin; homogentisic acid
__, a metabolite of phenylalanine, imparts a black color to alkaline urine
Homogentisic acid
homogentisic acid will cause the rine turned black is prevalent in a disease associated with in-born error of metabolism called
alkaptonuria
example of medication causing black urine
Medications producing brown/black urines include
levodopa,
methyldopa,
phenol derivatives,
and metronidazole
Pathogenic causes of __ urine are limited to bacterial
infections
blue/green
the one responsible for a blue green color of a urine and infecting the URINARY TRACT
pseudomonas species
the one responsible for a blue green color of a urine and infecting the INTESTINAL TRACT
urinary indican
Ingestion of breath deodorizers (____) can
result in a green urine.
Clorets
Ingestion of breath deodorizers (Clorets) can
result in a ___
green urine.
medications involve in blue urine are
methocarbamol
(Robaxin), methylene blue, and amitriptyline (Elavil) may
cause blue urine.
A purple staining may occur in catheter bags and is caused by
indican in the urine or a bacterial infection, frequently caused
by ___ species.
Klebsiella or Providencia
causes of colorless urine
Recent fluid
consumption
clinical or lab correlation of colorless urine
Commonly observed with random specimen
causes of pale yellow urine
Polyuria or diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus
Dilute random specimen
clinical or lab correlation of pale yellow
Increased 24-hour volume and low specific gravity (DI)
Elevated specific gravity and positive glucose test result (DM)
Recent fluid consumption ( Dilute random specimen)
causes of dark yellow
Concentrated specimen
B complex vitamins
Dehydration
Bilirubin
Acriflavine
Nitrofurantoin
correlation of concentrated specimen
May be normal after strenuous exercise or in first morning
specimen
correlation of dehydration / dark yellow specimen
fever or burns
correlation of dark yellow/ bilirubin in clinical or lab set up
Yellow foam when shaken and positive chemical test results
for bilirubin
correlation of dark yellow. acriflavine
Negative bile test results and possible green fluorescence
correlation of nitrofurantoin /dark yellow
Antibiotic administered for urinary tract infections
causes of orange yellow urine
Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)
Phenindione
correlation of Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) / orange yellow
Drug commonly administered for urinary tract infections
correlation of phenindione. orange yellow
Anticoagulant, orange in alkaline urine, colorless in acid urine
color of th eurine if the phenindione is inacidic urine
colorless
color of teh urine if the phenindione is in alkaline urine
orange - yellow
causes of yellow green urine
Bilirubin oxidized to
biliverdin
correlation of bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin / yellow green
Colored foam in acidic urine and false-negative chemical test
results for bilirubin
cause of green colored urine
Pseudomonas infection
causes of the blue gren urine
Amitriptyline
Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
Clorets
Indican
Methylene blue
Phenol
anti deprepressant under the blue green
amitrityline
Muscle relaxant, may be green-brown
Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
Fistulas
methylene blue
causeof pink colored urine
rbcs
correlation of the pink urine
Cloudy urine with positive chemical test results for blood and
RBCs visible microscopically
causes of red colored urine
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Beets
Rifampin
Menstrual contamination
correlation of hemoglobin// red colored urine
Clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood;
intravascular hemolysis
correlation of myoglobin// red colored urine
Clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood;
muscle damage
correlation of beets//red colored urine
Alkaline urine of genetically susceptible persons
Tuberculosis medication
rifampin
Tuberculosis medication, rifampin is causing what color of the urine?
red
correlation of the menstrual contamination// red colored urine
Cloudy specimen with RBCs, mucus, and clots
a red colored urine but is not positive with blood in chem test
Porphyrins
Nonpathologic Causes of Urine Turbidity
Squamous epithelial cells
Mucus
Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates
Semen, spermatozoa
Fecal contamination
Radiographic contrast media
Talcum powder
Vaginal creams
Pathologic Causes of Urine Turbidity
RBCs
WBCs
Bacteria
Yeast
Nonsquamous epithelial cells
Abnormal crystals
Lymph fluid
Lipid
The clarity of a urine specimen certainly provides a key
to the microscopic examination results, because the amount of
turbidity should correspond with the amount of material
observed under the microscope.
true or false
true
“_” is a general term that refers to the transparency or
turbidity of a urine specimen
Clarity
The evaluation of urine
concentration is included in the routine urinalysis by measuring the ___ of the specimen.
specific gravity
Normal random specimens may range from approximately
____
1.002 to 1.035
Specimens measuring lower than 1.002 probably are ___
not urine
Most random specimens fall between SG
1.015 and 1.030.___
___ is defined as the density of a solution com
pared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water
(SG 1.000) at a similar temperature.
Specific gravity
determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index.
Refractometry
—- is a comparison of the velocity of light in air with the
velocity of light in a solution. T
Refractive index
the one responsible for the urine odor of ammoniacal
the breakdown of urea
Aromatic
normal
Foul, ammonia-like
Bacterial decomposition, urinary
tract infection
Fruity, sweet
Ketones (diabetes mellitus,
starvation, vomiting)
Maple syrup
Maple syrup urine disease
Mousy
Phenylketonuria
Rancid
Tyrosinemia
Sweaty feet
Isovaleric acidemia
Cabbage
Methionine malabsorption
Bleach
Contamination
