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AUBF > finals - serous and synovial > Flashcards

finals - serous and synovial Flashcards

1
Q

Viscous liquid found in the cavities of the movable joints

A

Synovial Fluid

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2
Q

The closed cavities of the body—namely, the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities—are each lined by two membranes referred to as the serous membranes. One membrane
lines the cavity wall (____), and the other
covers the organs within the cavity (_____)

A

parietal membrane; visceral membrane

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3
Q

The fluid between the membranes is called
___, and it provides lubrication between the parietal and visceral membranes.

A

serous fluid

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4
Q

Lubrication in the joints

A

Synovial Fluid

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5
Q

Lubrication is necessary to prevent
the ___between the two membranes that occurs as a
result of movement of the enclosed organs, such as in the
expansion and contraction of the lungs.

A

friction

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6
Q

Normally, only a small amount of serous fluid is present, because production and reabsorption take place at a ___.

A

constant rate

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7
Q

how Synovial Fluid works

A

Reduces the friction between joints

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8
Q

Provides nutrients to the articular cartilage

A

Synovial Fluid

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9
Q

Lessens the shock of joint compression that occurs during activities
such as walking and jogging

A

synovial fluid

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10
Q

Production and reabsorption are subject to ____ and ___from the capillaries that serve the cavities and the capillary permeability.

A

hydrostatic pressure; colloidal pressure (oncotic pressure)

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11
Q

Ultrafiltrate of plasma across the synovial membrane

A

Synovial Fluid

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12
Q

Abundant fluid
(____) is usually collected;

A

> 100 mL

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13
Q

which anticoagulant is used for cell counts and the differential.

A

EDTA

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14
Q

which anticoagulants are used for microbiology and cytology.

A

Sterile heparinized or sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS)

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15
Q

Under normal conditions, colloidal pressure from serum proteins is the same in the capillaries on both sides of the membrane. Therefore, which pressure causes fluid to enter between the membranes.

A

hydrostatic pressure

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16
Q

aspiration procedures in plueral cavity

A

thoracentesis

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17
Q

aspiration procedures in pericardial cavity

A

pericardiocentesis

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18
Q

aspiration procedures in peritoneal cavity

A

paracentesis

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19
Q

Hyaluronic acid is secreted by ___ in the synovial membrane, making the fluid viscous

A

synoviocytes

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20
Q

Damage to the articular membrane produces pain and stiffness in the joints

A

Arthritis

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21
Q

needle aspiration or a way of collecting synovial fluid

A

Arthrocentesis

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22
Q

For better recovery of microorganisms and abnormal cells, ___ of large amounts of fluid is performed by centrifugation.

A

concentration

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23
Q

Sterile heparinized tube

A

Gram Stain and Culture

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24
Q

Specimens for pH must be
maintained anaerobically in __

A

ice

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25
Q

Heparin or EDTA
Non-anticoagulant

A

Cell count

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26
Q

Non-anticoagulant Tube

A

Other Tests

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27
Q

Sodium Fluoride

A

Glucose Analysis

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28
Q

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure is caused by

A

Congestive heart failure
Salt and fluid retention

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29
Q

Decreased oncotic pressure is caused byy

A

Nephrotic syndrome
Hepatic cirrhosis
Malnutrition
Protein-losing enteropathy

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30
Q

increased capillary permeability is caused byy

A

Microbial infections
Membrane inflammations
Malignancy

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31
Q

Lymphatic obstruction is caused by

A

Malignant tumors, lymphomas
Infection and inflammation
Thoracic duct injury

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32
Q

transudates or exudate?

involvement of systemic disorder that disrupts the balance in the regulation of fluid filtration and reabsorption—such as the changes in hydrostatic pressure created by congestive heart failure or the hypoproteinemia associated with the nephrotic syndrome

A

transudate

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33
Q

transudates or exudate?

____
are produced by conditions that directly involve the membranes
of the particular cavity, including infections and malignancies.

A

Exudates

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34
Q

Transudate
Exudate

clear appearance of serous fluid

A

transudate

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35
Q

is obtained from the pleural cavity, located be
tween the parietal pleural membrane lining the chest wall and
the visceral pleural membrane covering the lungs.

A

Pleural fluid

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36
Q

Pleural effusions may be ___.

A

either transudative or exudative

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37
Q

. In addition to the tests routinely performed to differentiate between transudates and exudates, two additional procedures are helpful
when analyzing pleural fluid: __

A

the pleural fluid cholesterol and
fluid:serum cholesterol ratio and the pleural fluid:serum total bilirubin ratio

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38
Q

A pleural fluid cholesterol _____ or a pleural fluid:serum cholesterol ratio ____ provides reliable information that the fluid is an exudate

A

> 60 mg/dL; >0.3

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39
Q

A fluid:serum total
bilirubin ratio of ___ also indicates the presence of an exudate.

A

0.6 or more

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40
Q

Normal and transudate pleural fluids
are what color

A

clear and pale yellow

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41
Q

Turbidity of pleural fluid is usually related to the
presence of ____ and indicates bacterial infection, tuberculosis, or an immunologic disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis

A

WBCs

42
Q

The presence of blood in the pleural fluid can signify a ___

A

hemothorax (traumatic injury), membrane damage such as
occurs in malignancy, or a traumatic aspiration.

43
Q

a Milky pleural fluid may be caused by

A

Chylous material from thoracic duct
leakage

44
Q

a Brown pleural fluid may be caused by

A

Rupture of amoebic liver abscess

45
Q

a black pleural fluid may be caused by

A

Aspergillus

46
Q

a Viscous pleural fluid may be caused by

A

Malignant mesothelioma (increased hyaluronic acid)

47
Q

To differentiate between a hemothorax and hemorrhagic exudate, a ___ can be run on the fluid.

A

hematocrit

48
Q

If the blood is
from a hemothorax, the fluid hematocrit is more than____ of the whole blood hematocrit, because the effusion comes from the inpouring of blood from the injury.

A

50%

49
Q

A chronic membrane
disease effusion contains both blood and increased pleural fluid, resulting in a much ___ hct

A

lower hematocrit

50
Q

a milky pleural fluid is caused by Chylous material which contains a high concentration of
____

A

triglycerides

51
Q

a milky pleural fluid is caused by pseudoChylous material which contains a high concentration of
____

A

cholesterol

52
Q

which staining is
strongly positive with chylous materia

A

Sudan III

53
Q

pseudochylous effusions contain which crystals

A

cholesterol crystals

54
Q

____ is the most
diagnostically significant hematology test performed on serous fluids

A

differential cell count

55
Q

Primary cells associated with pleural fluid include

A

macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, mesothelial cells, plasma cells, and malignant cells

56
Q

number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophil in pleural fluid

A

Macrophages 64% to 80%
lymphocytes (18% to 30%)
neutrophils (1% to 2%)

57
Q

Similar to other body fluids, an increase in pleural fluid neutrophils indicates a _____, such as pneumonia.

A

bacterial infection

58
Q

rentiate be
tween a pleural transudate and a pleural exudate, the most
common chemical tests performed on pleural fluid are

A

glucose,
pH, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and amylase

59
Q

Glucose chem test for pleural signiies

A

Decreased in rheumatoid
inflammation

60
Q

Transudate
Exudate

cloudy appearance of serous fluid

A

exudate

61
Q

Synovial comes from the word → ___

A

Egg

62
Q

normal color of synovial

A

Colorless to Pale Yellow

63
Q

Deeper Yellow color of synovial fluid means

A

Inflammatory and
Noninflammatory effusions

64
Q

Green synovial means

A

Bacterial Infection

65
Q

red synovial means

A

Hemorrhagic arthritis

66
Q

Turbidity

A

o Presence of WBC
o Synovial cell debris and fibrin
o Can be milky (Presence of crystals)

67
Q

if the synovial is milky, it has a presence of __

A

crystals

68
Q

viscosity is Caused by __

A

hyaluronic acid

69
Q

Arthritis affects the production of __

A

hyaluronidase

70
Q

Arthritis ___ synovial viscosity

A

decreases

71
Q

Methods for viscosity

A

o String test → 4-6 cm
o Ropes (Mucin clot test)
o Synovial +2%-5% acetic acid → Clotti

72
Q

Reporting for synovial fluid

A

o Good → Solid Clot
o Fair → Soft Clot
o Low → Friable Clot
o Poor → No Clot

73
Q

good in synovial means

A

solid clot

74
Q

fair in synovial means

A

soft clot

75
Q

low in synovial means

A

friable clot

76
Q

poor in synovial means

A

no clot

77
Q

is the (Most Frequent) requested cell count

A

Total leukocyte counts

78
Q

Diluting fluid for synovial fluid

A

: Normal saline (0.3%)

79
Q

Methylene blue in synovial fluid is for

A

staining wbc nuclei

80
Q

Neutrophils

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

81
Q

Mononuclear leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes

82
Q

Large mononuclear leukocytes
Maybe vacuolated

A

Macrophages (Monocytes)

83
Q

Similar to macrophage, but may be
multinucleated resembling a mesothelial cell

A

Synovial lining c

84
Q

Neutrophil containing characteristics
ingested: Round Body

A

LE cells

85
Q

Vacuolated macrophage with ingested
neutrophils

A

Reiter cells

86
Q

Neutrophils with dark cytoplasmic granules
containing immune complexes

A

RA cells (Ragocytes) Neutrophils with dark cytoplasmic granules
containing immune complexes

87
Q

Large, multinucleated

A

Cartilage cells

88
Q

Macroscopically resemble polished rice
Microscopically show collagen and fibrine

A

Rice bodies

89
Q

Refractile intracellular and extracellular
globules

A

Fat droplets

90
Q

Inclusions within clusters of synovial

A

Hemosiderin

91
Q
  • Important diagnostic tests in evaluation of arthritis
A

Crystal identification

92
Q

Crystal formation in a joint frequently results in:

A

Acute, painful inflammation

93
Q

Cause of Crystal formation:

A

o Metabolic disorders
o Decreased renal excretion
o Degeneration of cartilage and bones
o Injection of medication such as corticosteroids

94
Q

Monosodium
Urate shape

A

needle - gout

95
Q

Calcium
pyrophosphate
dihydrate shape

A

Rhombic
square, rods - psegout

96
Q

Cholesterol shape

A

Notched,
rhombic
plates - extracellular

97
Q

Corticosteroid crystal

A

Flat, variable
shape plates - injection

98
Q

Calcium oxalate crystal

A

envelop - renal dialysis

99
Q

Apatite (CA
phosphate)

A

Small
particles
require
electron
microscopy - osteoarthritis

100
Q
A
101
Q
A

AUBF (28 decks)

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