PRELIM-CHEMICAL EXAMINATION PART 2 Flashcards
Intermediate products of fat metabolism
KETONES
KETONE
____ urine is always associated with false negative;
possibility of this result may be due to ascorbic acid, drugs, and or
vitamins. This may cause other color to the urine.
Highly Pigmented
3 components of ketones
ACETONE 2%
ACETOACETIC ACID/ DIACETIC ACID 20%
Beta-hydroxybutyric Acid (78%)
Non-reversible spontaneous decarboxylation product of
diacetic acid
Acetone (2%)
Reversible to diacetic acid
Beta-hydroxybutyric Acid (78%)
ALSO KNOWN AS Diacetic Acid
Acetoacetic Acid (20%
most abundant componnet of ketone in the urine
Acetoacetic Acid (20%)
the clinical significance of ketone, what is the disease associated to it if there’s an elevated level of ketones in the urine?
- inability to metabolize fat
- Inability to metabolize carbohydrate
- Diabetes mellitus
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (IDDM)
- Insulin dosage monitoring – Ketonuria
- Malabsorption/pancreatic disorders
- Vomiting
common test for patient being diagnosed of high level of ketone and associated with DM
cbg or capillary blood glucose
a term used for the “presence of ketones in the urine”
ketonuria
a condition wherein it’s associated with pancreatic disorder, pancreas will produce little insulin thus the liver will be forced to break down fats and produce ketones as a byproduct
diabetic ketoacidosis
what is the conventional method in ketone detection
sodium nitroprusside
in 3 components in the urine associated with the ketone, which one is not measured by the reagent strip?
the beta hydroxybutyric acid
what is the positive reaction in the reagent strip of ketone
purple color
In ketone detection, Reagent strip tests use the ____ reaction to measure ketones. In this reaction, acetoacetic acid in an alkaline medium reacts with ____ to produce a purple color.
sodium nitroprusside (nitroferricyanide)
____ for hemoglobin provide the most accurate
means for determining the presence of blood. Once blood has
been detected, the microscopic examination can be used to
differentiate between hematuria and hemoglobinuria.
chemical tests
__ test will differentiate between hematuria and hemoglobnuria
microscopic test
BLOOD:
Disorders of renal or genitourinary origin
hematuria
It’s the most common parameter
blood
____ is most closely related to disorders of renal or genitourinary origin in which bleeding is the result of trauma or
damage to the organs of these systems.
Hematuria
Bleeding is the result of result or damage to the organ
o Renal calculi
o Glomerular diseases
o Tumors
o Trauma
o Pyelonephritis
o Exposure to toxic chemicals
▪ Blood sometimes carries toxic product
o Anticoagulant therapy
hematuria
blood:
lysis of the red blood cells produced in the urinary tract
some are produced due to intravascular hemolysis
hemoglobinuria
Reabsorption of filtered hemoglobin also results in the appearance of large yellow-brown granules of denatured ferritin called
____in the renal tubular epithelial cells and in the urine sediment.
HEMOSIDERIN
