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AUBF > finals - miscellaneous > Flashcards

finals - miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

sputum is Derived from ___, ___, and ____ of the pulmonary tract.

A

alveoli, trachea, bronchi

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2
Q

sputum is a Secretion of the ____ (lining the respiratory tract)

A

goblet cells

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3
Q

a sputum in normal condition is A mucus secretion of goblet cells and other organs associated with ___

A

respiratory
epithelium

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4
Q

Hallmark of sputum

A

dust cells

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5
Q

Macrophages with carbon deposits

A

DUST CELLS

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6
Q

2 ways of preserving sputum

A

refrigerator and the use of 10% formaldehyde

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7
Q

why is formalin in cannot be used for bacteriologic purpose as a preservative

A

because of its bacteriostatic effect

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8
Q

in collection, the Mouth should be free from ___

A

foreign objects

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9
Q

in collecting sputum,
are we allowed to wear dentures, eat food and smoke?

A

nope

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10
Q

in collecting sputum, what should we do prior to collection

A

gargle

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11
Q

which sputum specimen is the best

A

early morning

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12
Q

how to induce sputum

A
  1. Nebulized hypertonic saline or distilled water
  2. Chest percussion
  3. Postural drainage
  4. Aerosolized 15% NaCl and 10% glycerin
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13
Q

criteria for the sputum container

A

clean, sterile, wide mouth
bottle or disposable plastic
containers.

NEVER USE PAPER
CUPS!

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14
Q

how to process fixation of sputum

A
  • Patient expectorates into a jar of 70%
    ethanol
  • Spread fresh sputum on slide and spray pap’s fixative
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15
Q

Sputum gram stain assesses the sample for ___.

A

adequacy

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16
Q

Anaerobic culture transported in an what type of container (should be immediately for immediate plating)

A

air tight container

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17
Q

Tuberculosis culture (maybe stored at ___ for up to ___hours)

A

room temperature; 48

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18
Q

Physical Characteristics of sputum

A

v Quantity/Volume
v Consistency
v Reaction
v Turbidity
v Odor
v Color

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19
Q

Small amount of volume of the sputum is associated to diseases such as

A

a. early PTB
b. acute bronchitis
c. pneumonia

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20
Q

a Over 100cc/24hrs of sputum is associated to diseases such as

A

pulmonary edema
b. Broncheictasis- characterized by bronchial dilatations/swelling of bronchi
c. Lung abscess-lesion on the lungs because of infection.

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21
Q

characterized by bronchial dilatations/swelling of bronchi

A

Broncheictasis-

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22
Q

abscess-lesion on the lungs because of infection.

A

lung abscess

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23
Q

Over 500cc/ 24hrs of sputum is associated into what diseases

A

Amoebic abscess- infection caused by parasite

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24
Q

Over 1,000cc/ 24hrs of sputum is associated to what diseases?

A

a. severe broncheictasis
b. cavity TB- hole on lungs/ white spots on the lungs
c. chronic bronchitis
d. acute edema of the lungs

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25
Q

Watery consistency of sputum

_____ is responsible for sputum’s viscosity

A

sialic acid

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26
Q

Blood-gelatinous sputum (_____)

A

Currant-Jelly

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27
Q

Blood-gelatinous sputum (Currant-Jelly) is caused by

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae infection
Pneumococcal pneumonia

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28
Q

Stringy Mucoid Sputum (may also appear frothy) is caused by

A

Follows asthma exacerbation

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29
Q

Cloudy, mucoid sputum is caused by

A

Chronic bronchitis

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30
Q

Three layered appearance (stagnant, purulent sputum)

A

Bronchiectasis
Lung abscess

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31
Q

normal pH of sputum

A

Slightly acidic

pH 6.5 - 7.0

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32
Q

list down all the physical consistency of sputum

A

watery
blood-gelatinous sputum
stringy mucoid sputum
cloudy, mucoid sputum
three layered appearance

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33
Q

list down all the physical characteristics of a sputum in terms of turbidity

A

Frothy sputum or serous (air bubble, hemoglobin)
mucoid
foamy, clear material

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34
Q

Frothy sputum or serous (air bubble, hemoglobin) is caused by

A

pulmonary edema

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35
Q

Mucoid in turbidity of a sputum is caused by

A

*Bronchiectasis
*TB with cavities

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36
Q

Foamy, clear materials is caused by

A

saliva
nasal secretions

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37
Q

normal odor of sputum

A

odorless

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38
Q

Sweetish odor of sputum is caused by

A

In pulmonary tuberculosis with cavities, bronchiectasis, bronchomoniliasis

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39
Q

Putrid or foul odor of sputum is caused by

A

Usually due to Fusobacteria & Spirochetes found in mouth, or anaerobic infections within the lung,
lung abscess and necrotizing bronchogenic carcinoma

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40
Q

Cheesy odor of sputum is caused by

A

In necrosis or malignant tumors and perforating emphysema

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41
Q

Fecal Odor of sputum is caused by

A

Rupture sunphrenic or liver abscess and in enteric gram negative products.

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42
Q

Normally, the color is greatly influenced by ___, as well as nature of
the disease and the sputum itself

A

pus

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43
Q

normal color of sputum

A

colorless or translucent or opaque

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44
Q

white or yellow sputum causes

A

When pus is present, seen in advance pulmonary tuberculosis,
chronic bronchitis, jaundice and lobar pneumonia

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45
Q

gray color of sputum is caused by

A

When pus and epithelial cells are present

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46
Q

bright green or greenish color of sputum is caused by

A

When bile is present as in jaundice, rupture of the liver abscess into
the lungs and infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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47
Q

red or bright red sputum is caused by

A

When there is fresh blood or new hemorrhage. If blood streaks are
present, it is indicative of pulmonary tuberculosis or bronchiectasis

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48
Q

anchovy sauce or rusty brown sputum is caused by

A

When old blood is present, seen in pneumonia, pulmonary gangrene,
rupture of amoebic abscess of the liver into the lung or pigmented
cells in chronic passive congestion, due to cardiac pigment after
hemorrhage from the lung pulmonary infarction.

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49
Q

prune-juice color of sputum is caused by

A

Pneumonia and chronic cancer of the lungs

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50
Q

rusty red sputum is caused by

A

lobar pneumonia

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51
Q

olive green or grass green sputum is caused by

A

cancer

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52
Q

black sputum indicates __

A

Indicates inhalation of dust or dirt, carbon, charcoal, in cases like anthracosis and heavy smokers.

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53
Q

yellow green sputum is caused by

A

Due to destruction of neutrophils and release of verdo peroxidase

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54
Q

Macroscopic Structures of sputum

Fragments of necrotic tissue, pulmonary tissue or bits cartilaginous rings, from pin-point to pin size

A

Cheesy masses

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55
Q

Cheesy masses are present in

A

so-called nummular sputum from a tuberculosis cavity, pulmonary gangrene, abscess of the lungs and actinomycosis

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56
Q

Macroscopic Structures of sputum

Curschmann’s spiral is seen in ___

A

bronchial asthma

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57
Q

Yellowish-white, spirally twisted mucoid strands

A

Curschmann’s spiral

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58
Q

These are branching tree-like casts of the
bronchi, seen in lobar pneumonia, fibrinous
bronchitis and diphtheria

A

bronchial cast

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59
Q

Yellow of gray caseous masses, seen in
asthma, putrid bronchitis

A

Dittrich’s bodies/plugs

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60
Q

Emits a foul odor when crushed

A

Dittrich’s bodies/plugs

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61
Q

Lung stones are called as

A

Bronchioliths or pneumoliths

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62
Q

Small calcified nodules or stagnant contents of cavities or
dilated bronchi or calcified tuberculosis tissue. Sometimes
the core is a small foreign body or a fungal growth

A

Lung stone

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63
Q

Include concretions formed in the bronchi made of calcium carbonate and phosphate and aspirated substances
such as: pollen, seeds, dust

A

Foreign bodies

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64
Q

Parasites seen in sputum

A

Echinococcus granulosus,
Toxaplasma canis,
paragonimus westermanii

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65
Q

in microscopic examination

the sputum Must be treated first with ____ to dissolve the mucus.

A

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)

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66
Q

microsco[ic examination

Normally present in the walls of
the alveoli, bronchioles and the
blood vessels

A

elastic fibers

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67
Q

microscopic examination

v Yellow, wavy threads
v Usually coiled into balls, seen in
bright colorless with central
lines

A

Curschmann’s spiral

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68
Q

Indicates stasis and decomposition of the sputum in the body or in an
old specimen that is often unsatisfactory

A

Crystals

69
Q

a crystal that is Seen in bronchial asthma, arises from the disintegration of
eosinophil

A

Charcot Leyden crystals

70
Q

a crystal that Stains black in hematoxylin and red with eosin

A

Charcot Leyden crystals

71
Q

charcot leyden crystal shape

A

Often octahedral and/or hexagonal in shape

72
Q

a crystal that is Rhombic and brownish red

A

hematoidin

73
Q

a crystal in sputum that is Arranged in rosettes

A

hematoidin

74
Q

a crystal of sputum that is Resulted down from breaking down of old blood and are found inpulmonary infections, lung abscess, pulmonary infarction

A

hematoidin

75
Q

Colorless, thin, rhombic plates with
notched corner. This indicates stasis with
fatty degeneration of exudates and are
often in lung abscess and emphysema

A

Cholesterol crystals

76
Q

Long, colorless needles, arranged in seeves.

Also indicates stasis with fatty degeneration of
exudates and are often in lung abscess

A

Fatty acid crystal

77
Q

Blood pigmented cells, chiefly hemosiderin

§ Appears as round grayish or colorless
§ Diffuse staining
§ Found in congestive heart failure

A

Heart failure cell

78
Q

§ Contain carbon and are less important
§ Appears as angular black granules both intracellular and extracellular
§ Seen in anthracosis, heavy tobacco smokers and in people living in
smoky atmosphere

A

Carbon–Laden Crystals

79
Q

Colorless, round, oval or ear-shaped globules of various sizes

A

myelin globules

80
Q

Reported in order to minimize confusions with more important
structures like Blastomyces.

A

myelin globules

81
Q

myelin globules resembles __

A

fat droplets and yeast-like fungi

82
Q

Large structures show peculiar concentric or irregular spiral markings

A

myelin globules

83
Q

v Abundant in the scanty morning sputum of health persons and may be
found in closely packed sputum

v Absent or scarce in specimens with inflammatory exudates

A

myelin globules

84
Q

Small and yellowish structures with sulphur granules
which can be seen with unaided eye

A

Actinomyces hominis

85
Q

consist of a network of threads having more or less
radial arrangement

A

Actinomyces hominis

86
Q

Actinomyces hominis Similar structure with __ under LPO

A

Actinomyces bovis

87
Q

Seen in Actinomycotic pulmonary infection

A

Actinomyces hominis

88
Q

v Hyphae are rods usually jointed or branched and often arranged in meshwork (mycelium)

A

Moulds and Yeast

89
Q

Spores are highly refractive spheres and ovoid

A

Moulds and Yeast

90
Q

Seen in pneumomycosis specifically infection by Aspergillus fumigatus

A

Moulds and Yeast

91
Q

Grows in sputum upon long standing of tuberculosis specimen

A

Moulds and Yeast

92
Q

Cluster of ciliated columnar cells found in the sputum of asthmatic patients

A

Creola Bodies

93
Q

Major blood present in sputum

A

Leukocyte

94
Q

Markedly increased when pus is present

A

Leukocyte

95
Q

___are commonly seen in allergic patients (asthma) and can
be demonstrated by Wright’s stain

A

Eosinophil

96
Q

Present in lung hemorrhage, pulmonary tuberculosis, and Paragonimus westermanii infection

A

Erythrocytes

97
Q

Detected by Guaiac or benzidine tests or presence of blood
derivatives such as hemosiderin

A

Erythrocytes

98
Q

3 Layers of Sputum after Standing
(After 24 hours of standing)

A
  1. Carbohydrate mucus upper
    layer
  2. Opaque watery material - middle
  3. Sediments- 3rd layer or
    bottom
99
Q

The common eccrine glands function in the regulation of the body
temperature

A

sweat

100
Q

They are innervated by cholinergic nerve and are a type of exocrine gland

A

sweat

101
Q

__has been analyzed for its multiple inorganic and organic contents, but
with one notable exception, has not proven a clinically useful model.

A

Sweat

102
Q

The exception is the analysis of sweat for chloride and sodium levels in the
diagnosis of __

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

103
Q

Also known as
mucoviscidosis

A

Cystic Fibrosis

104
Q

An autosomal, recessive
inherited disease that
affects the exocrine glands
and causes electrolyte and
mucous abnormalities

A

Cystic Fibrosis

105
Q

in Pilocarpine Nitrate Iontophoresis

_____is introduced into skin by iontophoresis to stimulate locally
increased sweat gland secretion. The resulting sweat is absorbed by filter paper
or gauze, diluted with water and analyze for sodium and chloride determination

A

Pilocarpine

106
Q

Site of Iontophoresis

A

Sweat should only be collected from the arms or legs

v The area for stimulation must be free from skin lesion

v The skin should be cleaned with distilled water, washed
followed by drying with paper tissue

107
Q

brown color in macroduct collection

A

Ochronosis

108
Q

red color in macroduct collection

A

Rifampin overdose

109
Q

blue color in macroduct collection

A

Occupation exposure to copper

110
Q

blue black color in macroduct collection

A

Idiopathic Chronhidrosis

111
Q

It should approximate the chloride concentration, so it is measured to
provide better quality control

A

sodium

112
Q

Discrepancies for sodium and chloride is influenced by __

A

air bubbles (decrease
concentration) and temperature fluctuations

113
Q

Use the ___method for measuring sweat electrolytes provides a
means for evaluation of young infants without subjecting them to the
Rigos traditional sweat collection method

A

osmometer

114
Q

normal sodium concentration

A

<70 mEq/L

115
Q

normal chloride concentration

A

< 50 mEq/L

116
Q

abnormal range of sodium

A

> 90 mEq/L

117
Q

abnormal range of chloride

A

> 60 mEq/L

118
Q

equivocal range of sodium

A

70-90 mEq/L

119
Q

equivocal range for chloride

A

50-60 mEq/L

120
Q

vDigestive enzymes

A

v Pepsin (protein)
v Lipase (fats)
v Rennin (to curdle milk)

121
Q

vDigestive enzymes are produced bby

A

chief cells (Zymogen or peptic cells)

122
Q

Gastric Juice composition

A

99% H2O, 1% solid

123
Q

Hormone stimulating secretion of HCl

A

gastrin

124
Q

High secretion of gastrin due to gastrin-secreting tumor oxygenating
from the pancreas

A

Zollinger-Ellison

125
Q

Gastric Juice composition

A

v Electrolytes
mucin
intrinsic factor

126
Q

Electrolytes in gastric juice

A
  • H+ (1 million times greater than blood)
  • Na, Cl, Mg, Ca, Fe
127
Q

From the goblet or mucous cells to prevent autodigestion of the stomach

A

mucin

128
Q

For the absorption of Vitamin B12 to prevent Pernicious Anemia

A

intrinsic factor

129
Q

collection of gastric tube for fasting patient

A

Intubation

130
Q

collection of gastric tube for non fasting patient - best evacuated tube

A

Ewald’s or Boa’s Method (

131
Q

Commonly Used Stimulants for gastric juice collection

vStimulant of choice

A

vPentagastrin

132
Q

a stimulant that is a vSynthetic compound resembling gastrin

A

pentagastrin

133
Q

a stimulant that vProduce more rapid response

A

pentagastrin

134
Q

vNo discomfort
vSpecimens are collected at 15 minutes interval for 1 hour
following the administration

A

pentagastrin

135
Q

a stimulant for gastric juice

When used, collection must continue for 2 hours because
maximum output is delayed

A

histalog

136
Q

a tubeless method for gastric juice

TUBELESS METHOD
ü __

A

Diagnex blue test

ü Patient is given an Azure A dye

137
Q

a chemical stimulant for gastric that Assess vagotomy procedure

A

INSULIN

138
Q

normal color of gastric juice

A

Grayish or bile-stained;
colorless

139
Q

greenish color of gastric juice

A

old bile

140
Q

red color of gastric juice

A

presence of blood

141
Q

fecal odor of gastric juice

A

intestinal obstruction, gastrocolicfistula

142
Q

Foul or Putrid odor of gastric juice

A

carcinomatous ulcer

143
Q

Alcoholic odor of gastric juice

A

alcoholic coma, after alc test
meal

144
Q

Amoniacal odor of gastric juice

A

uremia

145
Q

Rancid odor of gastric juuice

A

stenosis and fermentation

146
Q

pH of gastric juice

A

Acidic (pH 1.6-1.8)

147
Q

sg of gastric juice

A

1.001- 1.010 9 (ave 1.07)

148
Q

refers to normal secretion of gastric juice withpH between 1.6 - 1.8

A

euchlorhydia

149
Q

increase free hcl above normal around 60 ml

in cases of peptic ulcer

A

hyperchlorhydia

150
Q

decrease hcl in gastric juice

A

hypochlorhydia

151
Q

hypochlorhydia is caused by

A

carcinoma of the stomach
chronic gastritis
gastric syphilis

152
Q

absence of free hcl

A

achlorhydia

153
Q

achlorhydia is caused by

A

pernicious anemia
pellagra
advanced gastric cancer

154
Q

is lactic aid normally presnt in gastric juice?

A

nope, normally absent

155
Q

presence of lactic acid in gastric juice signifies__

A

Indicates advanced gastric cancer

156
Q

Maybe found in the stomach from the
fermentation of CHO or from the production of
lactic acid-forming bacteria like Boas-oppler
bacilli

A

lactic acid

157
Q

occult blood in gastric acid are seen in __

A

Seen in peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma

158
Q

tests for lactic acid

A

Modified
Uffelmann’s

Strauss

Kelling’s

159
Q

Modified
Uffelmann’s reagent and end color

A

FeCl3 +
phenol

yellow

160
Q

strauss reagent and end color

A

FeCl3 + ether

yellow

161
Q

Kelling’s reagent and end color

A

FeCl3

yellow

162
Q

the absence of __ indicates organic disease

A

renin and pepsin

163
Q

test for renin

A
  1. Reitman
  2. Riegel
164
Q

test for pepsin

A
  1. Bauer
  2. Hammerschlag
165
Q

Causes of Hyperacidity

A

Duodenal ulcer
Gastric cell hyperplasia
Carcinoid tumor
ZE syndrome P
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Excessive histamine production as in Systemic Mastocytosis

166
Q

Causes of Hypoacidity

A

Gastritis
Gastric carcinoma
Partial gastrectomy
Pernicious anemia

167
Q

Absence of HCl and renin in gastric juice

A

Achylia gastrica

168
Q

Inability to produce a pH less than 6.0 following gastric stimulation

A

Anacidity

AUBF (28 decks)

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