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AUBF > FINALS - semenalysis > Flashcards

FINALS - semenalysis Flashcards

1
Q

what have resulted in increased emphasis on semen analysis.

A

Advances in the field of andrology
assisted reproductive technology (ART),
increased concern over fertility, particularly by couples choosing to have children later in life,

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2
Q

Patients with abnormal results on the routine semen analysis performed in the clinical laboratory are often referred to specialized andrology laboratories for further testing to determine the need for ___

A

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

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3
Q

In addition to fertility testing, the clinical laboratory performs ___ and ___ to
determine the presence of semen

A

post-vasectomy semen analysis
and
forensic analyses

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4
Q

The ___ are paired glands in the scrotum that contain
the seminiferous tubules for the secretion of sperm.

A

testes

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5
Q

The external location of the scrotum contributes to a __ scrotum
temperature that is optimal for sperm development

A

lower

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6
Q

germ cells for the production of spermatozoa are located in the ___ of the seminiferous tubules

A

epithelial cells

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7
Q

___ cells provide support and nutrients for the germ cells as they undergo mitosis and meiosis (spermatogenesis)

A

Specialized Sertoli

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8
Q

When spermatogenesis is complete, the immature sperm (nonmotile) enter the __

A

epididymis

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9
Q

In the epididymis, the sperm mature and develop ___.

A

flagella

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10
Q

The entire process of sperm maturation and development of flagella in epididymis takes approximately __days

A

90

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11
Q

The sperm remain stored in the __ until ejaculation

A

epididymis

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12
Q

The ejaculatory ducts receive both the sperm from the ___ and fluid from the ___

A

ductus deferens ; seminal vesicles

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13
Q

The ___ produce most of the fluid present in semen (60% to 70%)

A

seminal vesicles

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14
Q

this fluid is the transport medium for the sperm.

A

seminal fluid from seminal vesicle

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15
Q

Spermatozoa percent in semen

A

5%

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16
Q

seminal fluid percent in semen

A

60 - 70 %

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17
Q

prostate fluid percent in semen

A

20 - 30 %

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18
Q

bulbourethral gland percent in semen

A

5%

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19
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Seminiferous Tubules of
Testes

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20
Q

Sperm Maturation

A

Epididymis

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21
Q

Propel the sperm to the
ejaculatory ducts

A

Ductus deferens

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22
Q

Provides nutrients for the
sperm and fluid

A

Seminal Vesicles

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23
Q

Provides enzymes and
proteins for coagulation
and liquefaction

A

Prostate Gland

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24
Q

Add alkaline mucus to
neutralize prostatic acid
and vaginal acidity

A

Bulbourethral glands

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25
Q

flow of semen to outside

A

Seminiferous tubules of the testes → Epididymis → Ductus deferens →
Ejaculatory Duct → Prostate Glands

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26
Q

Cut during vasectomy

A

Ductus Deferens

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27
Q

seminal vesicle provides __ and __

A

fructose and flavin

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28
Q

seminal vesicle Provides Fructose which is for

A

Nutrients and motility of the sperm

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29
Q

In the absence of __, sperm do not display motility in the semen analysis

A

fructose

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30
Q

seminal vesicle Provides flavin which is for __

A

Color of the sperm

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31
Q

The ___, located just below the bladder, surrounds the upper urethra and aids in propelling the
sperm through the urethra by contractions during ejaculation

A

muscular prostate gland

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32
Q

Approximately 20% to 30% of the semen volume is acidic fluid produced by the __

A

prostate gland.

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33
Q

The milky acidic fluid contains
high concentrations of __

A

acid phosphatase, citric acid, zinc, and
proteolytic enzymes

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34
Q

The milky acidic fluid contains
high concentrations of acid phosphatase, citric acid, zinc, and proteolytic enzymes

responsible for both the __ and ___ of the semen following ejaculation

A

coagulation and liquefaction

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35
Q

The __, located below the prostate,

A

bulbourethral glands

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36
Q

Various proteins secreted by the seminal
vesicles are involved in the coagulation of the ejaculate.

true or false

A

true

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37
Q

Protects the sperm from acidic conditions of the vagina

A

Bulbourethral Glands

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38
Q

bulbourethral gland, produces __ that helps to neutralize acidity from the
prostate secretions and the vagina

A

alkaline mucus

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39
Q

what will happen if the first portion of the ejaculate is missing

A

the sperm count will be decreased
the pH falsely increased,
the specimen will not liquefy

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40
Q

what will happen if the last portion of the ejaculate is missing

A

semen volume is decreased,
the sperm count is falsely increased,
the pH is falsely decreased,
and the specimen will not clot

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41
Q

A test specific for the prostate gland but not for prostate cancer

A

Prostate Gland Antigen

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42
Q

It is a protein produced by a normal, or by a malignant cell, by the
prostate gland

A

Prostate Gland Antigen

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43
Q

Prostate Gland Antigen is for the detection of

A

Hyperplasia and or hypertrophy

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44
Q

Importance of Seminalysis

A

to check for infertility
to check if the vasectomy or vasectomy reversal has been successful

provide information on:
o Sperm production
o Patency of the male ducts
o The function of the accessory glands
o Ejaculative function

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45
Q

___ is the SINGULAR test for fertility in male

A

Semen Analysis

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46
Q

Semen Analysis is the singular test for fertility in male that can
provide information on

A

o Sperm production
o Patency of the male ducts
o The function of the accessory glands
o Ejaculative function

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47
Q

do we Always ask the age of the patient when it comes to Semen Analysis?

A

yes

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48
Q

in specimen collection,

do we collect the Majority of the
sperm are contained in
the first portion
of the ejaculate

A

yes

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49
Q

Sexual
abstinence
from __ days
but no longer
than ____days

A

2-3; 5

not more than 7 days in the book

50
Q

abstinence that is 5 (7) days results in

A

Higher volumes and
decreased motility

51
Q

how many samples are needed for fertility testing

A

2-3 samples

52
Q

how many weeks interval is needed for the fertility testing with 2-3 samples

A

2 weeks interval

53
Q

Specimen should be collected at __ temperature

A

room

54
Q

Specimen should be kept
at room temperature and delivered to the
laboratory within ___ hour

A

1 hr

55
Q

Kept at what temperature if
awaits analysis

A

37ºC

56
Q

what type of condoms are used for collection

A

non lubricant or polyurethane

57
Q

Ordinary Condoms are not allowed because it
is __

A

spermicidal

58
Q

Ways of Semen Collection

A

Masturbation
Coitus Interruptus
Condom method
Assisted ejaculation

59
Q

Directing the semen into a clean sample cup

A

Masturbation

60
Q

Coitus Interruptus
Literal meaning;

A

Sex Interruption

61
Q

With drawing the penis from the partner just before
ejaculating follow by ejaculating into a clean sample cup

A

Coitus Interruptus

62
Q

why do coitus interrupts is not a reliable means of semen collection?

A

because the first portion of the ejaculate, which contains the highest number of spermatozoa, may be lost and the low pH of the vaginal fluid may affect sperm motility

63
Q

Usage of nonlubricant containing rubber or polyurethane
condom

A

Condom method

64
Q

Electro-ejaculation used in paraplegics

A

Assisted ejaculation

65
Q

If the specimen collected is too solid

can we continue the test?

A

nope, we can’t continue in examining the
semen

66
Q

should the Patient must urinate before collecting the semen?

A

yes

67
Q

in Macroscopic/ Physical
Examination, what are the parameters we must take note

A

Parameters recorded:

Appearance/Color
Volume
Viscosity
Liquefaction
pH

68
Q

in microscopic
Examination, what are the parameters we must take note

A

Parameters reported:

Motility
Viability
Sperm morphology
Sperm concentration and
count

69
Q

Normal Color of semen

A

Gray-white, translucent, pearly white,
colorless to creamy white

70
Q

Odor of semen

A

Musty or bleach or Chlorox Odor

71
Q

Increased white turbidity in semen means

A

increased WBC or infection within the reproductive tract

72
Q

in cases of white turbidity due to infection within the reproductive tract and a presence of increased wbc, If required,
specimen ___ is performed prior to continuing with the semen analysis

A

culturing

73
Q

During microscopic examination, WBCs must
be differentiated from ___

A

immature sperm (spermatids)

74
Q

The ___ reagent strip test may be useful to screen for the presence of WBCs.

A

leukocyte esterase

75
Q

When the sperm concentration is very low, the specimen may appear almost ___

A

clear

76
Q

Red Coloration in semen means

A

Increased RBC

77
Q

Yellow Coloration in semen means

A

Increased contamination,
Urine contamination or medication

78
Q

is urine toxic to sperms?

A

yep, it can affect evaluation of MOTILITY

79
Q

Normal volume of semen

A

2-5 mL

80
Q

semen Increased In

A

Abstinence

81
Q

semen Decreased In

A

Infertility
Incomplete Collection

82
Q

normal Viscosity

A

Pour in droplets
(Highly viscous)

83
Q

Increased viscosity found in

A

Decreased sperm motility

84
Q

Reporting of viscosity of semen

A

0 – Watery
4 – Gel like

85
Q

Normal ph of semen

A

7.2 to 8.0
or 7.3 to
8.3

86
Q

Increased pH

A

Infection

87
Q

Decreased pH

A

Increased
Prostatic
fluid

88
Q

Sperm concentration ref values

A

> 20 million/mL

89
Q

Sperm count ref range

A

> 40 million/ejaculate

90
Q

Motility ref range

A

> 50% within 1 h

91
Q

Quality ref range

A

> 2.0 or a, b, c

92
Q

Morphology ref range

A

> 14% normal forms (strict criteria)
30% normal forms (routine criteria)

93
Q

Round cells ref range

A

<1.0 million/mL

94
Q

Sperm Motility Grading

Grade A

A

These sperm have progressive motility; they are
the strongest and they swim fast in a straight line

95
Q

A fresh semen specimen is clotted and should liquefy within ___ minutes after collection

A

30 to 60

96
Q

since semen can liquify within 30-60 mns of collection, ___ is essential for evaluating semen liquefaction.

A

recording the time of collection

97
Q

Failure of liquefaction to occur within 60 minutes may be caused
by a deficiency in __ and should be reported.

A

prostatic enzymes

98
Q

Analysis of the specimen cannot begin until ___has occurred

A

liquefaction

99
Q

If after 2 hours the specimen has not liquified, an equal volume of physiologic ___ or ___ may be added to induce liquefaction and allow the rest of the analysis to be performed.

A

Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline or proteolytic enzymes such as alpha
chymotrypsin or bromelain

100
Q

proteolytic enzymes such as ___

A

alpha
chymotrypsin or bromelain

101
Q

the use of Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered
saline and proteolytic enzymes may affect ___ so their use must be documented

A

biochemical tests, sperm motility, and sperm morphology,

102
Q

___may be present in liquefied semen
specimens and have no clinical significance

A

Jelly-like granules (gelatinous bodies)

103
Q

relationship of viscosity and liquefaction

A

incomplete liquefied semen are clumped and highly viscous.

104
Q

___ the sample container during liquefaction can help produce a homogeneous sample

A

Gently mixing

105
Q

Droplets that form threads longer than ___ cm are considered highly viscous
and are recorded as abnormal

A

2

106
Q

. The pH should be measured within 1 hour
of ejaculation due to the loss of ____that occurs

A

CO2

107
Q

2 ways we can measure sperm pH

A

reagent strip and litmus paper

108
Q

Sperm Motility Grading

Grade B

A

These sperm with non-progressive motility teds to
travel in a curved or crooked motion

109
Q

Sperm Motility Grading

Grade C

A

These sperm either move their or are immotile

110
Q

Grade
4 - A who criteria

A

Rapid, Straight-line motility

111
Q

Grade
3 - B who criteria

A

Slower speed, some lateral movement

112
Q

Grade
2 - B who criteria

A

Slow forward progression, noticeable
lateral movement

113
Q

Grade
1 - C who criteria

A

No forward progression

114
Q

Grade
0 - D who criteria

A

No movement

115
Q

Alternative sperm motility grading criteria

A

Progressive motility
(PM)
Nonprogressive motility
(NP)
Immotility (IM)

116
Q

Alternative sperm motility grading criteria

Sperm moving linearly or in a large circle

A

Progressive motility
(PM)

117
Q

Alternative sperm motility grading criteria

Sperm moving with an absence of
progression

A

Nonprogressive motility
(NP)

118
Q

Alternative sperm motility grading criteria

No movement

A

Immotility (IM)

119
Q

what have resulted in increased emphasis on semen analysis.

A

Advances in the field of andrology
assisted reproductive technology (ART),
increased concern over fertility, particularly by couples choosing to have children later in life,

120
Q

what have resulted in increased emphasis on semen analysis.

A

Advances in the field of andrology
assisted reproductive technology (ART),
increased concern over fertility, particularly by couples choosing to have children later in life,

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