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AUBF > FINALS - semenalysis > Flashcards

FINALS - semenalysis Flashcards

1
Q

what have resulted in increased emphasis on semen analysis.

A

Advances in the field of andrology
assisted reproductive technology (ART),
increased concern over fertility, particularly by couples choosing to have children later in life,

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2
Q

Patients with abnormal results on the routine semen analysis performed in the clinical laboratory are often referred to specialized andrology laboratories for further testing to determine the need for ___

A

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

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3
Q

In addition to fertility testing, the clinical laboratory performs ___ and ___ to
determine the presence of semen

A

post-vasectomy semen analysis
and
forensic analyses

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4
Q

The ___ are paired glands in the scrotum that contain
the seminiferous tubules for the secretion of sperm.

A

testes

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5
Q

The external location of the scrotum contributes to a __ scrotum
temperature that is optimal for sperm development

A

lower

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6
Q

germ cells for the production of spermatozoa are located in the ___ of the seminiferous tubules

A

epithelial cells

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7
Q

___ cells provide support and nutrients for the germ cells as they undergo mitosis and meiosis (spermatogenesis)

A

Specialized Sertoli

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8
Q

When spermatogenesis is complete, the immature sperm (nonmotile) enter the __

A

epididymis

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9
Q

In the epididymis, the sperm mature and develop ___.

A

flagella

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10
Q

The entire process of sperm maturation and development of flagella in epididymis takes approximately __days

A

90

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11
Q

The sperm remain stored in the __ until ejaculation

A

epididymis

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12
Q

The ejaculatory ducts receive both the sperm from the ___ and fluid from the ___

A

ductus deferens ; seminal vesicles

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13
Q

The ___ produce most of the fluid present in semen (60% to 70%)

A

seminal vesicles

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14
Q

this fluid is the transport medium for the sperm.

A

seminal fluid from seminal vesicle

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15
Q

Spermatozoa percent in semen

A

5%

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16
Q

seminal fluid percent in semen

A

60 - 70 %

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17
Q

prostate fluid percent in semen

A

20 - 30 %

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18
Q

bulbourethral gland percent in semen

A

5%

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19
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Seminiferous Tubules of
Testes

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20
Q

Sperm Maturation

A

Epididymis

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21
Q

Propel the sperm to the
ejaculatory ducts

A

Ductus deferens

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22
Q

Provides nutrients for the
sperm and fluid

A

Seminal Vesicles

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23
Q

Provides enzymes and
proteins for coagulation
and liquefaction

A

Prostate Gland

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24
Q

Add alkaline mucus to
neutralize prostatic acid
and vaginal acidity

A

Bulbourethral glands

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25
Q

flow of semen to outside

A

Seminiferous tubules of the testes → Epididymis → Ductus deferens →
Ejaculatory Duct → Prostate Glands

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26
Q

Cut during vasectomy

A

Ductus Deferens

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27
Q

seminal vesicle provides __ and __

A

fructose and flavin

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28
Q

seminal vesicle Provides Fructose which is for

A

Nutrients and motility of the sperm

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29
Q

In the absence of __, sperm do not display motility in the semen analysis

A

fructose

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30
Q

seminal vesicle Provides flavin which is for __

A

Color of the sperm

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31
Q

The ___, located just below the bladder, surrounds the upper urethra and aids in propelling the
sperm through the urethra by contractions during ejaculation

A

muscular prostate gland

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32
Q

Approximately 20% to 30% of the semen volume is acidic fluid produced by the __

A

prostate gland.

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33
Q

The milky acidic fluid contains
high concentrations of __

A

acid phosphatase, citric acid, zinc, and
proteolytic enzymes

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34
Q

The milky acidic fluid contains
high concentrations of acid phosphatase, citric acid, zinc, and proteolytic enzymes

responsible for both the __ and ___ of the semen following ejaculation

A

coagulation and liquefaction

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35
Q

The __, located below the prostate,

A

bulbourethral glands

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36
Q

Various proteins secreted by the seminal
vesicles are involved in the coagulation of the ejaculate.

true or false

A

true

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37
Q

Protects the sperm from acidic conditions of the vagina

A

Bulbourethral Glands

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38
Q

bulbourethral gland, produces __ that helps to neutralize acidity from the
prostate secretions and the vagina

A

alkaline mucus

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39
Q

what will happen if the first portion of the ejaculate is missing

A

the sperm count will be decreased
the pH falsely increased,
the specimen will not liquefy

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40
Q

what will happen if the last portion of the ejaculate is missing

A

semen volume is decreased,
the sperm count is falsely increased,
the pH is falsely decreased,
and the specimen will not clot

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41
Q

A test specific for the prostate gland but not for prostate cancer

A

Prostate Gland Antigen

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42
Q

It is a protein produced by a normal, or by a malignant cell, by the
prostate gland

A

Prostate Gland Antigen

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43
Q

Prostate Gland Antigen is for the detection of

A

Hyperplasia and or hypertrophy

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44
Q

Importance of Seminalysis

A

to check for infertility
to check if the vasectomy or vasectomy reversal has been successful

provide information on:
o Sperm production
o Patency of the male ducts
o The function of the accessory glands
o Ejaculative function

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45
Q

___ is the SINGULAR test for fertility in male

A

Semen Analysis

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46
Q

Semen Analysis is the singular test for fertility in male that can
provide information on

A

o Sperm production
o Patency of the male ducts
o The function of the accessory glands
o Ejaculative function

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47
Q

do we Always ask the age of the patient when it comes to Semen Analysis?

A

yes

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48
Q

in specimen collection,

do we collect the Majority of the
sperm are contained in
the first portion
of the ejaculate

A

yes

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49
Q

Sexual
abstinence
from __ days
but no longer
than ____days

A

2-3; 5

not more than 7 days in the book

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50
Q

abstinence that is 5 (7) days results in

A

Higher volumes and
decreased motility

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51
Q

how many samples are needed for fertility testing

A

2-3 samples

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52
Q

how many weeks interval is needed for the fertility testing with 2-3 samples

A

2 weeks interval

not less than 7 days and more than 3 weeks apart

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53
Q

Specimen should be collected at __ temperature

A

room

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54
Q

Specimen should be kept
at room temperature and delivered to the
laboratory within ___ hour

A

1 hr

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55
Q

Kept at what temperature if
awaits analysis

A

37ºC

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56
Q

what type of condoms are used for collection

A

non lubricant or polyurethane

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57
Q

Ordinary Condoms are not allowed because it
is __

A

spermicidal

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58
Q

Ways of Semen Collection

A

Masturbation
Coitus Interruptus
Condom method
Assisted ejaculation

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59
Q

Directing the semen into a clean sample cup

A

Masturbation

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60
Q

Coitus Interruptus
Literal meaning;

A

Sex Interruption

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61
Q

With drawing the penis from the partner just before
ejaculating follow by ejaculating into a clean sample cup

A

Coitus Interruptus

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62
Q

why do coitus interrupts is not a reliable means of semen collection?

A

because the first portion of the ejaculate, which contains the highest number of spermatozoa, may be lost and the low pH of the vaginal fluid may affect sperm motility

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63
Q

Usage of nonlubricant containing rubber or polyurethane
condom

A

Condom method

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64
Q

Electro-ejaculation used in paraplegics

A

Assisted ejaculation

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65
Q

If the specimen collected is too solid

can we continue the test?

A

nope, we can’t continue in examining the
semen

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66
Q

should the Patient must urinate before collecting the semen?

A

yes

67
Q

in Macroscopic/ Physical
Examination, what are the parameters we must take note

A

Parameters recorded:

Appearance/Color
Volume
Viscosity
Liquefaction
pH

68
Q

in microscopic
Examination, what are the parameters we must take note

A

Parameters reported:

Motility
Viability
Sperm morphology
Sperm concentration and
count

69
Q

Normal Color of semen

A

Gray-white, translucent, pearly white,
colorless to creamy white

70
Q

Odor of semen

A

Musty or bleach or Chlorox Odor

71
Q

Increased white turbidity in semen means

A

increased WBC or infection within the reproductive tract

72
Q

in cases of white turbidity due to infection within the reproductive tract and a presence of increased wbc, If required,
specimen ___ is performed prior to continuing with the semen analysis

A

culturing

73
Q

During microscopic examination, WBCs must
be differentiated from ___

A

immature sperm (spermatids)

74
Q

The ___ reagent strip test may be useful to screen for the presence of WBCs.

A

leukocyte esterase

75
Q

When the sperm concentration is very low, the specimen may appear almost ___

A

clear

76
Q

Red Coloration in semen means

A

Increased RBC

77
Q

Yellow Coloration in semen means

A

Increased contamination,
Urine contamination or medication

78
Q

is urine toxic to sperms?

A

yep, it can affect evaluation of MOTILITY

79
Q

Normal volume of semen

A

2-5 mL

80
Q

semen Increased In

A

Abstinence

81
Q

semen Decreased In

A

Infertility
Incomplete Collection

82
Q

normal Viscosity

A

Pour in droplets
(Highly viscous)

83
Q

Increased viscosity found in

A

Decreased sperm motility

84
Q

Reporting of viscosity of semen

A

0 – Watery
4 – Gel like

85
Q

Normal ph of semen

A

7.2 to 8.0
or 7.3 to
8.3

86
Q

Increased pH

A

Infection

87
Q

Decreased pH

A

Increased Prostatic fluid

88
Q

Sperm concentration ref values

A

> 20 million/mL

89
Q

Sperm count ref range

A

> 40 million/ejaculate

90
Q

Motility ref range

A

> 50% within 1 h

91
Q

Quality ref range

A

> 2.0 or a, b, c

92
Q

Morphology ref range

A

> 14% normal forms (strict criteria)
30% normal forms (routine criteria)

93
Q

Round cells ref range

A

<1.0 million/mL

94
Q

Sperm Motility Grading

Grade A

A

These sperm have progressive motility; they are
the strongest and they swim fast in a straight line

95
Q

A fresh semen specimen is clotted and should liquefy within ___ minutes after collection

A

30 to 60

96
Q

since semen can liquify within 30-60 mns of collection, ___ is essential for evaluating semen liquefaction.

A

recording the time of collection

97
Q

Failure of liquefaction to occur within 60 minutes may be caused
by a deficiency in __ and should be reported.

A

prostatic enzymes

98
Q

Analysis of the specimen cannot begin until ___has occurred

A

liquefaction

99
Q

If after 2 hours the specimen has not liquified, an equal volume of physiologic ___ or ___ may be added to induce liquefaction and allow the rest of the analysis to be performed.

A

Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline or proteolytic enzymes such as alpha
chymotrypsin or bromelain

100
Q

proteolytic enzymes such as ___

A

alpha
chymotrypsin or bromelain

101
Q

the use of Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered
saline and proteolytic enzymes may affect ___ so their use must be documented

A

biochemical tests, sperm motility, and sperm morphology,

102
Q

___may be present in liquefied semen
specimens and have no clinical significance

A

Jelly-like granules (gelatinous bodies)

103
Q

relationship of viscosity and liquefaction

A

incomplete liquefied semen are clumped and highly viscous.

104
Q

___ the sample container during liquefaction can help produce a homogeneous sample

A

Gently mixing

105
Q

Droplets that form threads longer than ___ cm are considered highly viscous
and are recorded as abnormal

A

2

106
Q

. The pH should be measured within 1 hour
of ejaculation due to the loss of ____that occurs

A

CO2

107
Q

2 ways we can measure sperm pH

A

reagent strip and litmus paper

108
Q

Sperm Motility Grading

Grade B

A

These sperm with non-progressive motility teds to
travel in a curved or crooked motion

109
Q

Sperm Motility Grading

Grade C

A

These sperm either move their tail or are immotile

110
Q

Grade
4 - A who criteria

A

Rapid, Straight-line motility

111
Q

Grade
3 - B who criteria

A

Slower speed, some lateral movement

112
Q

Grade
2 - B who criteria

A

Slow forward progression, noticeable
lateral movement

113
Q

Grade
1 - C who criteria

A

No forward progression

114
Q

Grade
0 - D who criteria

A

No movement

115
Q

Alternative sperm motility grading criteria

A

Progressive motility
(PM)
Nonprogressive motility
(NP)
Immotility (IM)

116
Q

Alternative sperm motility grading criteria

Sperm moving linearly or in a large circle

A

Progressive motility
(PM)

117
Q

Alternative sperm motility grading criteria

Sperm moving with an absence of
progression

A

Nonprogressive motility
(NP)

118
Q

Alternative sperm motility grading criteria

No movement

A

Immotility (IM)

119
Q

what have resulted in increased emphasis on semen analysis.

A

Advances in the field of andrology
assisted reproductive technology (ART),
increased concern over fertility, particularly by couples choosing to have children later in life,

120
Q

what have resulted in increased emphasis on semen analysis.

A

Advances in the field of andrology
assisted reproductive technology (ART),
increased concern over fertility, particularly by couples choosing to have children later in life,

121
Q

are we inlcuding spermatids and wbc in counting sperm concentration?>

A

no - referred as round cells

122
Q

what does it mean for more than 1 million leukocytes in semen?

A

infection or inflammation in reproductive organ

123
Q

what does it mean for more than 1 million spermatids in semen?

A

disruption in the spermatogenesis

124
Q

ref range of sperm concentration

A

greater than 20-250 million/ml

125
Q

how to determine total sperm count

A

multiply the sperm concentration by its volume

126
Q

structure of sperm

A

head, neckpiece, midpiece, tail

127
Q

head abnormality is related to what function

A

poor ovum penetration

128
Q

neckpiece, midpiece, and tail abnormality is related to what function

A

motility

129
Q

dimensions of the head of the sperm

A

5 um long , 3 um wide

130
Q

how long is the midpiece

A

7 um long

131
Q

how long is the flagellar tail

A

45 um

132
Q

which part of the sperm is critical for ovum penetration

A

acrosomal cap that has enzymes

133
Q

this part attaches the head to the midpiece and tail

A

neck piece

134
Q

thickest part of the sperm

A

midpiece - has mitochondrial sheath

135
Q

how many ml of semen is drop in the slide for microscopic examination

A

10 ul

136
Q

stains used for microscopic examination of sperm

A

wright’s, giemsa, shorr, papanicolau

137
Q

air dried slides are stable for how many hrs

A

24 hrs

138
Q

atleast how many sperm is evaluated

A

200 - and report the percentage of abnormal sperm observed

139
Q

what will happen in an abnormally long neckpiece

A

can cause the sperm to bend backward and interfere with motility

140
Q

an additional parameter in evaluating sperm morphology such as measuring the head, neck, and tail size, as well as measuring the acrosome, and evaluating vacuoles is referred to as ____

A

kruger’s strict criteria

141
Q

kruger’s strict criteria requires a use of stage such as __

A

micrometer or morphometry

142
Q

decrease sperm vitality is suspected when there is a normal __ but decrease ___

A

normal concentration but decrease motility

ang relationship kasi ng concentration and motility is inversely, kapag too concentrated dapat mababa ang motility. In this case, normal lang si concentration pero bakit decrease ang motility, so diyan papasok si vitality

143
Q

sperm vitality should be assessed within how many hr of ejaculation

A

1 hr

144
Q

in morphology, 200 sperms are counted, how about in vitality?

A

100 sperms are counted and dead sperms are reportedw

145
Q

what stain is used for vitality testing of sperm

A

eosin-nigrosin stain

146
Q

describe the eosin-nigrosin stain in vitality testing in terms of its staining ability to living cells and dead sperms

A

living sperm will not be penetrated by the stain and remain bluish white while dead sperms will be stained red against purple background

147
Q

normal vitality ref range

A

50% or greater living cells/sperms

148
Q

if there’s high immotile but vital sperm, what does it mean

A

possible flagellar problem

149
Q

if there’s high immotile and nonvital sperm, what does it mean

A

epididymal pathology or problem in epididymis

150
Q

specimens can be screened for the presence of fructose using what test

A

resorcinol test that produces an orange color when fructose is present

151
Q

ref range of fructose per ejaculate

A

13 umol per ejaculate

152
Q

specimens for fructose levels are should be tested within how many hrs to prevent fructolysis

A

2 hrs or frozen it

153
Q

two frequently used test to detect the presence of antibody coated sperm are

A

MAR - mixed agglutination reaxtion
and
immunobead

154
Q

explain why immunobead is much more specific than the MAR test for antisperm antibodies

A

it can detect not only IgG, but also IgM, IgA, and the part of sperm that is affected

155
Q

mycroorganism frequently encountered in microbial testting of sperm

A

chlamydia trachomatis
mycoplasma hominis
ureaplasma urealyticum

156
Q

motile sperms can stay up to ___ hrs after intercourse

A

24 hrs

157
Q

nonmotile sperms can stay up to ___ hrs after intercourse

A

3 days

158
Q

as the sperm die off, what part of the sperm remains and may be present for 7 days

A

the heads

159
Q

a more specific test to detect semen in a specimen is the detection of ___

A

seminal glycoprotein p30 (PSA) - present even in the absent of sperm in the specimen

160
Q

sperm function test

sperm are incubated with species-nonspecif hamster eggs and penetration is observed microscopically

A

hamster egg penetration

161
Q

sperm function test

observation of sperm’s ability to penetrate partner’s midcycle cervical mucus

A

cervical mucus penetration

162
Q

sperm function test

sperm exposed to low-sodium concentrations evaluated for membrane integrity and sperm viability

A

hypo-osmotic swelling

163
Q

sperm function test

evaluation of the acrosome to produce enzymes essential for ovum penetration

A

in vitro acrosome reaction

164
Q
A

AUBF (29 decks)

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