Pregnancy and Inheritance Flashcards
a fluid-filled sphere of cells that enters the uterine cavity
blastocyst
cells produced by cleavage
blastomeres
the developing individual from week nine of pregnancy until birth
fetus
the outer covering of cells of the blastocyst
trophoblast
membrane derived from trophoblast
chorion
early divisions of the zygote
cleavage
a solid sphere of cells still surrounded by the zona pellicuda
morula
event in which differentiation into the three primary germ layers occurs
gastrulation
embryonic development of structures that will become the nervous system
neurulation
the formation of blood vessels to support the developing embryo
angiogenesis
result of the fusion of female and male pronuclei
zygote
stimulates the corpus luteum to continue production of progesterone and estrogens
human chorionic gonadotropin
increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix during labor
relaxin
secreted by the placenta; helps establish the timing of birth and increases the secretion of cortisol for fetal lung maturation
corticotropin-releasing hormone
helps prepare mammary glands for lactation; regulates certain aspects of maternal and fetal metabolism
human chorionic somatomammotropin
stimulates uterine contractions; responsible for the milk ejection reflex
oxytocin
promotes milk synthesis and secretion; inhibited by progesterone during pregnancy
prolactin
the penetration of a secondary oocyte by a single sperm cell
syngamy
fertilization of a secondary oocyte by more than one sperm
polyspermy
the attachment of a blastocyst to the endometrium
implantation
the fusion of the genetic material from a haploid sperm and a haploid secondary oocyte into a single diploid nucleus
fertilization
the induction by the female reproductive tract of functional changes in sperm that allow them to fertilize a secondary oocyte
capacitation
the examination of embryonic or fetal cells sloughed off into the amniotic fluid
amniocentesis
an abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by sudden hypertension, large amounts of protein in urine, and generalized edema
preeclampsia
noninvasive test that can detect fetal neural tube defects
maternal AFP test
the process of giving birth
parturition
the period of time (about 6 weeks) during which the maternal reproductive organs and physiology return to the prepregnancystate
puerperium
plays an important role in induction whereby an inducing tissue stimulates the development of an unspecialized responding tissue into a specialized tissue
notochord
finger-like projections of the chorion that bring maternal and fetal blood vessels into close proximity
chorionic villi
serves as an early site of blood vessel formation
allantois
the fetal portion is formed by the chorionic villi and the maternal portion is formed by the decidua basalis of the endometrium; allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood into fetal blood
placenta
contains the vascular connections between mother and fetus
umbilical cord
interchange of portions of nonhomologous chromosomes
translocation
heterozygous individuals who possess a recessive gene (but do not express it) and can pass the gene on to their offspring
carriers
inactivated X chromosome in females
Barr body
refers to a person with the same alleles on homologous chromosomes
homozygous
a homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous genetic makeup; the actual gene arrangement
genotype
refers to how the genetic makeup is expressed in the body; the physical or outward expression of a gene
phenotype
neither member of the allelic pair is dominant over the other, and the heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between the homozygous dominant and the homozygous recessive
incomplete dominance
permanent inheritable change in an allele that produces a different variant of the same trait
mutation
traits linked to the X chromosome
sex-linked inheritance
refers to an individual with different alleles on homologous chromosomes
heterozygous
a cell in which one or more chromosomes of a set is added or deleted
aneuploid
inheritance based on genes that have more than two alternative forms; an example is the inheritance of blood type
multiple-allele inheritance
abnormal number of chromosomes due to failure of homologous chromosomes or chromatids to separate
nondisjunction
the two alternative forms of a gene that code for the same trait and are at the same location on homologous chromosomes
alleles
the control of inherited traits by the combined effects of many genes
polygenic inheritance
