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Anatomy and Physiology > Pregnancy and Inheritance > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

a fluid-filled sphere of cells that enters the uterine cavity

A

blastocyst

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2
Q

cells produced by cleavage

A

blastomeres

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3
Q

the developing individual from week nine of pregnancy until birth

A

fetus

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4
Q

the outer covering of cells of the blastocyst

A

trophoblast

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5
Q

membrane derived from trophoblast

A

chorion

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6
Q

early divisions of the zygote

A

cleavage

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7
Q

a solid sphere of cells still surrounded by the zona pellicuda

A

morula

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8
Q

event in which differentiation into the three primary germ layers occurs

A

gastrulation

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9
Q

embryonic development of structures that will become the nervous system

A

neurulation

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10
Q

the formation of blood vessels to support the developing embryo

A

angiogenesis

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11
Q

result of the fusion of female and male pronuclei

A

zygote

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12
Q

stimulates the corpus luteum to continue production of progesterone and estrogens

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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13
Q

increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix during labor

A

relaxin

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14
Q

secreted by the placenta; helps establish the timing of birth and increases the secretion of cortisol for fetal lung maturation

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

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15
Q

helps prepare mammary glands for lactation; regulates certain aspects of maternal and fetal metabolism

A

human chorionic somatomammotropin

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16
Q

stimulates uterine contractions; responsible for the milk ejection reflex

A

oxytocin

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17
Q

promotes milk synthesis and secretion; inhibited by progesterone during pregnancy

A

prolactin

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18
Q

the penetration of a secondary oocyte by a single sperm cell

A

syngamy

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19
Q

fertilization of a secondary oocyte by more than one sperm

A

polyspermy

20
Q

the attachment of a blastocyst to the endometrium

A

implantation

21
Q

the fusion of the genetic material from a haploid sperm and a haploid secondary oocyte into a single diploid nucleus

A

fertilization

22
Q

the induction by the female reproductive tract of functional changes in sperm that allow them to fertilize a secondary oocyte

A

capacitation

23
Q

the examination of embryonic or fetal cells sloughed off into the amniotic fluid

A

amniocentesis

24
Q

an abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by sudden hypertension, large amounts of protein in urine, and generalized edema

A

preeclampsia

25
Q

noninvasive test that can detect fetal neural tube defects

A

maternal AFP test

26
Q

the process of giving birth

A

parturition

27
Q

the period of time (about 6 weeks) during which the maternal reproductive organs and physiology return to the prepregnancystate

A

puerperium

28
Q

plays an important role in induction whereby an inducing tissue stimulates the development of an unspecialized responding tissue into a specialized tissue

A

notochord

29
Q

finger-like projections of the chorion that bring maternal and fetal blood vessels into close proximity

A

chorionic villi

30
Q

serves as an early site of blood vessel formation

A

allantois

31
Q

the fetal portion is formed by the chorionic villi and the maternal portion is formed by the decidua basalis of the endometrium; allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood into fetal blood

A

placenta

32
Q

contains the vascular connections between mother and fetus

A

umbilical cord

33
Q

interchange of portions of nonhomologous chromosomes

A

translocation

34
Q

heterozygous individuals who possess a recessive gene (but do not express it) and can pass the gene on to their offspring

A

carriers

35
Q

inactivated X chromosome in females

A

Barr body

36
Q

refers to a person with the same alleles on homologous chromosomes

A

homozygous

37
Q

a homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous genetic makeup; the actual gene arrangement

A

genotype

38
Q

refers to how the genetic makeup is expressed in the body; the physical or outward expression of a gene

A

phenotype

39
Q

neither member of the allelic pair is dominant over the other, and the heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between the homozygous dominant and the homozygous recessive

A

incomplete dominance

40
Q

permanent inheritable change in an allele that produces a different variant of the same trait

A

mutation

41
Q

traits linked to the X chromosome

A

sex-linked inheritance

42
Q

refers to an individual with different alleles on homologous chromosomes

A

heterozygous

43
Q

a cell in which one or more chromosomes of a set is added or deleted

A

aneuploid

44
Q

inheritance based on genes that have more than two alternative forms; an example is the inheritance of blood type

A

multiple-allele inheritance

45
Q

abnormal number of chromosomes due to failure of homologous chromosomes or chromatids to separate

A

nondisjunction

46
Q

the two alternative forms of a gene that code for the same trait and are at the same location on homologous chromosomes

A

alleles

47
Q

the control of inherited traits by the combined effects of many genes

A

polygenic inheritance

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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